ukraine muslim population 2020

Estimated 2010 Muslim Population. It is estimated that more than 100,000 deportees died of starvation or disease due to the deportation. [12]), Fountain of Tears is known as the embodiment of love of one of the last Crimean Khans, Qrm Giray Khan for his young wife a Polish girl in his harem. Arrows next to some island countries indicate that their correct geographic locations are outside the borders of the map. Westport 2002, page 52, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 03:20. WebHigh quality Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 inspired Mugs by independent artists and designers from around the world. *Note: At 99.4% Muslim, the disputed territory Western Sahara would rank at #8but as it has not yet been recognized as a country by the United Nations, it was disqualified. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Muslims are followers of the religion Islam, who believe in and live by the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. Greenwood Press . Population: 43,909,666. See, The exact figure as stated in the 2012 census is 14,161. Webukraine muslim population 2020 ukraine muslim population 2020. ukraine muslim population 2020 22 Jan. ukraine muslim population 2020. In fact, many researchers project that Muslims will outnumber Christians by the year 2050. Muslims make up only approximately 0.9% of the Ukrainian population, but as much as 12% in Crimea. Ahmadiyya religious movement in various countries, World Ahmadi Muslim population. Face Impex is one of the Face group of companies that begin in 2006. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. The country with the highest percentage of the overall population is Sierra Leone standing at over 8%. Taking a lower bound, it can be stipulated that Ahmadis represent 50% of the country's Muslims. T-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more, designed and sold by independent artists around the world. Population: 43,909,666. The Community is a minority Muslim group in almost every country of the world. Muslim extremists are responsible for insurgencies in several African nations, and violence between Muslim sects has escalated into full-blown civil war in countries including Iraq, Yemen, and Syria. [fn] Eid al-Adha: Odesa Muslims slaughtered 110 sacrificial sheep, Dumskaya, 16 October 2013.Hide Footnote 2.1% 2.2% 2.7% 2.9% 2.6% 2.8% 2.2% 2.3% 2.4% 2.5% 3.1% 3.3% 4.0% 4.2% 4.2% 4.2% 3.8% 3.7% 3.7% 3.4% 3.5% 3.0% 4.0% 3.2% 4.0% 2.9% 3.5% 2.2% 2.7% 1.5% 1.9% 0.8% 2.1% 0.8% 0.8% 0.3% 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% * These figures are projections. In 2020, the population by religion was roughly 18% Muslim (2019 - 1,636,000), 2% (180,000) Christian and 2% Druze. See: There are over 200 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Guyana. Since then, Face Impex has uplifted into one of the top-tier suppliers of Ceramic and Porcelain tiles products. (Sources are various. This interactive feature provides estimates for 1990 and 2000 based on national censuses, demographic and health surveys, and general population surveys and studies available for those years. T-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more, designed and sold by independent artists around the world. According to various sources, Islam believers constitute anywhere between under 100,000 and up to an optimistic two million in Ukraine. Hide Footnote A 2013 media report cited estimates for the citys total Muslim population as ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 people. WebThere are more than two billion Muslims worldwide, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world, exceeded only by Christianity. [12], Due to the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and the War in Donbass, which is fought near Donetsk and Luhansk, 750,000 Muslims (including half-million Crimean Tatars) are living in territory no longer controlled by Ukraine. See table below. In particular, it does not list a number of countries which have a large presence of Ahmadis. These include Volga Tatars, Azeris, North Caucasian ethnic groups and Many Westerners might be surprised to learn that Islam is an Abrahamic religion, meaning Muslims worship the same God as Christians, Jews, and the Bah' Faiththough obviously with significant differences in scripture, theology, doctrine, and application. Other minorities include Bella Russians 0.6%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, while Romanians and Poles both are 0.3% and Jewish residents make up 0.2% of the total population. "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050", "To the 71st Anniversary of Crimean Tatars deportation - Publications - Embassy of Ukraine in the Kingdom of Thailand", "Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraine", "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data: All-Ukrainian population census 2001 data", "2012 Report on International Religious Freedom - Ukraine", "The Future of the Global Muslim Population", https://web.archive.org/web/20090131210406/http://islamyat.org/ Clerical Board of Ukraine's Muslims, Ukrainian translations of the Meanings of the Glorious Qur'an: Problems and Prospects. Projected 2030 Muslim Population*. WebUnique Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 Posters designed and sold by artists. The projections presented in this report are the medium figures in a range of three scenarios high, medium and low generated from models commonly used by demographers around the world to forecast changes in population size and composition. T-shirts, posters, stickers, home decor, and more, designed and sold by independent artists around the world. See: "Pakistan: Situation of members of the Lahori Ahmadiyya Movement in Pakistan", "Muslims cry foul over population figures", "Facing Persecution in Pakistan.Ahmadiyya Muslim Community finds sanctuary in Guyana", "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 Nov. 2008)", "The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions: Volume 1: A - L; Volume 2: M - Z", "More than 584,000 people join Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as annual convention held", "More than 584,000 people join the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community", "Argyll's Magnus MacFarlane-Barrow to receive Muslim peace prize", "Pakistan: The situation of Ahmadis, including legal status and political, education and employment rights; societal attitudes toward Ahmadis (2006 - Nov. 2008)", "Algeria: Wave of arrests and prosecutions of hundreds of Ahmadis", "Algeria finds sect leader guilty of 'offending Islam', "A good Muslim's better life cut short by extremists", "Ahmadiyya Muslims among Banned Religious Organisations", "Social and Economic Influence of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Flanders-Belgium", "Spreading The Message Of Islam in Belize", "Bulgaria: Ahmadis barred "because it is against the religions that people follow here", "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity", "Anzahl der Muslime in Deutschland nach Glaubensrichtung im Jahr 2015* (in 1.000)", "Mosque construction continues with community support: Ahmadi Muslim leader, "Ahmada, el ala pacfi ca del Islam, atrae a guatemaltecos", "Persecuted Muslims build first Irish mosque in Galway", "Old Harbour Muslim community fighting crime through youth programmes and sports", "World Religion Crossing The Border: The Future of Gods in the Era of Globalization", " : ", International Religious Freedom Report 2009: Marshall Islands, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, " ", "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community celebrates 100 years since first missionary came to UK", "Muslim group to get own caucus on Capitol Hill", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmadiyya_by_country&oldid=1141846478, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Shop affordable wall art to hang in dorms, bedrooms, offices, or anywhere blank walls aren't welcome. [citation needed] According to the 2000 census Ukraine was home to 248,193 Crimean Tatars, 73,304 Volga Tatars, 45,176 Azeris, 12,353 Uzbeks, 8,844 Turks, 6,575 Arabs and 5,526 Kazakhs. For example, as this report went to press, Kazakhstan released the results of its 2009 census, which found that Muslims make up 70.2% of Kazakhstans population, a substantially higher percentage than reported in the countrys 1999 Demographic and Health Survey, the source used to estimate Kazakhstans Muslim population in 2010 and 2030 in this report. Webukraine muslim population 2020 ukraine muslim population 2020. ukraine muslim population 2020 22 Jan. ukraine muslim population 2020. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis. The division between Sunni and Shi'a is nearly as old as Islam itself, having stemmed from a disagreement in AD 632 about who should succeed Muhammad as the leader of the faith. See: The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. With Christianity in Ukraine overwhelmingly predominant, representative statistical samples of the population surveyed by KIIS in 2020, 2021, and 2022 reported 0% of respondents identifying with Judaism and Islam. Country. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. [6], Estimates of the Ukrainian Muslim population vary. WebUnited Kingdom. [fn] Eid al-Adha: Odesa Muslims slaughtered 110 sacrificial sheep, Dumskaya, 16 October 2013.Hide Footnote 1600MM X 3200MM | 1600MM X 1600MM | 1200MM X 2400MM | 1200MM X 1200MM, 1000MM X 1000MM | 800MM X 1600MM | 600MM X 1200MM | 600MM X 900MM | 600MM X 600MM | 300MM X 600MM, 300MM X 600MM | 300MM X 450MM | 250MM X 400MM, Carrara Marble Look Porcelain Floor Tile is the perfect choice for those looking to add a touch of classic Italian, Extremely White Tiles For Your Interior Space..! All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Available in a range of colours and styles for men, women, and everyone. Estimated 2010 Muslim Population. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. Dad hats and baseball caps with adjustable snapback and buckle closures to fit men's and women's heads. WebHigh quality Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 inspired Mugs by independent artists and designers from around the world. ^ A note on historical data ), Depending on the definition, there are 195 or 196 countries in the world, of which 193 are member states of the United Nations. stateless persons: 36,459 (2022); note - citizens of the former USSR who were permanently resident in Ukraine were granted citizenship upon Ukraine's independence in 1991, but some missed this window of opportunity; people arriving after 1991, Crimean Tatars, ethnic Koreans, people with expired Soviet passports, and people Ahmadiyya is an Islamic religious movement originating in 1889 in northern India around the teachings of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (18351908), who claimed to have been divinely appointed as both the promised Mahdi and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times. In 2020, the population by religion was roughly 18% Muslim (2019 - 1,636,000), 2% (180,000) Christian and 2% Druze. Tables: Muslim Population by Country | Muslim Population Growth by Country. WebShop high-quality unique Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 T-Shirts designed and sold by independent artists. Shop Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 socks designed and sold by independent artists. Independent groups have estimated the Pakistani Ahmadiyya population to be somewhere between 2 million and 5 million Ahmadis with the 4 million figure being the most quoted figure and accounting for approximately 2.2% of the country. 2.1% 2.2% 2.7% 2.9% 2.6% 2.8% 2.2% 2.3% 2.4% 2.5% 3.1% 3.3% 4.0% 4.2% 4.2% 4.2% 3.8% 3.7% 3.7% 3.4% 3.5% 3.0% 4.0% 3.2% 4.0% 2.9% 3.5% 2.2% 2.7% 1.5% 1.9% 0.8% 2.1% 0.8% 0.8% 0.3% 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [2] The religion has a long history in Ukraine dating back to Berke Khan of the Ulug Ulus (Golden Horde) in the 13th century and the establishment of the Crimean Khanate in the 15th century. Tables: Muslim Population by Country | Muslim Population Growth by Country. Other minorities include Bella Russians 0.6%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, while Romanians and Poles both are 0.3% and Jewish residents make up 0.2% of the total population. 3 million: International Federation for Human Rights: 34 million: Commission on International Religious Freedom: 4.910.000: James Minahan: Encyclopedia of the stateless nations. See: The 1998 Pakistani census states that there are 291,000 (0.22%) Ahmadis in Pakistan. The population is almost entirely contained in the single, organized and united movement, commonly referred to as the Ahmadiyya [fn] Eid al-Adha: Odesa Muslims slaughtered 110 sacrificial sheep, Dumskaya, 16 October 2013.Hide Footnote Shop Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 socks designed and sold by independent artists. Web10% of Ukrainians identified as atheists. The actual figure as stated in the 1996 census is 1,976. [1][2][3][n 1] with concentrations in South Asia, West Africa, East Africa and Indonesia. [12] (According to figures as stated by Sheikh Ahmad Tamim, the mufti of Religious Administration of Muslims of Ukraine "DUMU". In 2020, the population by religion was roughly 18% Muslim (2019 - 1,636,000), 2% (180,000) Christian and 2% Druze. On this basis, the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement represents approximately 0.2% of the total Ahmadiyya population.See: There is also an upper estimate of 200,000 Ahmadi Muslims in Bangladesh. Although Muslims can be found all over the world, the majority live in northern and central Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Many countries in these regions are more than 90% Muslim, including Egypt, Afghanistan, Syria, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran. Percentage of 2010 Population that is Muslim. Shop Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 socks designed and sold by independent artists. An article by Mykhaylo Yakubovych, Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_Ukraine&oldid=1138321331, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2023, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. For this reason, the Community gives a figure of "tens of millions";[6] however, most independent sources variously estimate the population to be at least 10 to 20 million[7] worldwide, thereby representing around 1% of the world's Muslim population. The models follow what is known as the cohort-component method, which starts with a baseline population (in this case, the current number of Muslims in each country) divided into groups, or cohorts, by age and sex. The following maps summarize the data presented in the table below. According to various sources, Islam believers constitute anywhere between under 100,000 and up to an optimistic two million in Ukraine. Percentage of 2010 Population that is Muslim. With Christianity in Ukraine overwhelmingly predominant, representative statistical samples of the population surveyed by KIIS in 2020, 2021, and 2022 reported 0% of respondents identifying with Judaism and Islam. As of 2016[update] the Community has been established in 209 countries and territories of the world. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. This includes Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea, The Gambia and a number of Arab States. WebUkrainians make up almost 77.8% of the total population, while Russians take the second spot with almost 17% of the population. ), Islam includes two major denominations: Sunni (75-90%) and Shi'a (10-13%), as well as a number of smaller branches. Ukraine. Crimean Tatar patio and garden courtyard, at the Livadiya Palace, Crimea, Ukraine. Hide Footnote A 2013 media report cited estimates for the citys total Muslim population as ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 people. WebHigh quality Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 inspired Pillows & Cushions by independent artists and designers from around the world.All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. There are more than two billion Muslims worldwide, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world, exceeded only by Christianity. Islam in Ukraine is a minority religious affiliation with Muslims representing around 0.9% of the total population as of 2016. WebUkrainians make up almost 77.8% of the total population, while Russians take the second spot with almost 17% of the population. Estimated 2010 Muslim Population. Dad hats and baseball caps with adjustable snapback and buckle closures to fit men's and women's heads. Inspired attire: get 25% off clothing with code INSPIRED thru Aug. 19. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, the Ahmadiyya movement is the fastest growing Islamic group as of the early 21st century. So even with an upper two-million estimate, less than five percent of Ukrainians will be observing the promised new holidays because of their faith. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Uzbeks.[5]. WebPopulationPyramid.net Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100. The number of Muslims in Vietnam, for example, may not have dropped from 1990 to 2000 and then climbed rapidly from 2000 to 2010; rather, the 1990 figure was probably too high an estimate, and the 2000 figure may have been too low. Just as Christianity encompasses multiple denominations (Catholic, Lutheran, Mormon, Baptist, etc. For more details, see the Full Report and Methodology.). 2020. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. WebShop high-quality unique Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 T-Shirts designed and sold by independent artists. Ukraine. WebMuslim percentage (%) of total population Percentage (%) of World Muslim population Asia: 1,100,000,000 23.3 66.7 Central Asia: 54,000,000: 81: 3.0 South Asia: 600,000,000: 31.4: 30.6: Southeast Asia: 240,000,000: 40 13.3 East Asia: 50,000,000: 3.1 2.8 Middle East-North Africa: 315,322,000 488,603,838 91.2 27.1 Africa WebHigh quality Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 inspired Pillows & Cushions by independent artists and designers from around the world.All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. [11] According to Said Ismagilov, the mufti of Ummah, in February 2016 one million Muslims lived in Ukraine. The religious slur "Qadiani" has been used against Ahmadi Muslims and the community has also been persecuted. The population is almost entirely contained in the single, organized and united movement, commonly referred to as the Ahmadiyya See: It is estimated that there are 1,000 Ahmadis in the country. These calculations were made by the Pew Forums demographers, who collaborated with researchers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Austria on the projections for the United States and European countries. WebMuslims make up only approximately 0.9% of the Ukrainian population, but as much as 12% in Crimea. In fact, many researchers project that Muslims will outnumber Christians by the year 2050. According to various sources, Islam believers constitute anywhere between under 100,000 and up to an optimistic two million in Ukraine. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Gender, Tables: Muslim Population by Country | Muslim Population Growth by Country. For a detailed breakdown of how many Muslims live in each of the world's countries and what percentage of that country's population that equals, check out the table below. Dad hats and baseball caps with adjustable snapback and buckle closures to fit men's and women's heads. WebHigh quality Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 inspired Pillows & Cushions by independent artists and designers from around the world.All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. Here are the 10 countries with the highest percentage of Muslims: Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 - Pew Research Center, The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050 - Pew Research Center, Muslim Population by Country - World Atlas, Percentage Muslim: Countries Compared - NationMaster 2004, Worlds Muslim population more widespread than you might think. Projected 2030 Muslim Population*. 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA However, Sunni Muslims claim to have more followers in the country. In fact, many researchers project that Muslims will outnumber Christians by the year 2050. However, there is also a large presence of the Lahore Ahmadiyya movement, for which figures are unavailable. These likely undercounts and overcounts should be taken into consideration when looking at growth rates, particularly in the affected countries. WebUnited Kingdom. However, the 4 million figure is the most quoted figure. [n 2]. WebPopulationPyramid.net Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100. See table below. Thus, a figure of 200 is unlikely to be representative of the total Ahmadiyya population. WebUnited Kingdom. WebShop high-quality unique Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 T-Shirts designed and sold by independent artists. Together, these factors make it difficult to estimate the Ahmadiyya population for both the Community itself and as well as independent organizations. Mosque of z Beg Khan built in Crimea in 1314. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community itself gives an estimate of over 2 million Ahmadis in Ghana. WebMuslim percentage (%) of total population Percentage (%) of World Muslim population Asia: 1,100,000,000 23.3 66.7 Central Asia: 54,000,000: 81: 3.0 South Asia: 600,000,000: 31.4: 30.6: Southeast Asia: 240,000,000: 40 13.3 East Asia: 50,000,000: 3.1 2.8 Middle East-North Africa: 315,322,000 488,603,838 91.2 27.1 Africa WebMuslims make up only approximately 0.9% of the Ukrainian population, but as much as 12% in Crimea. This report and interactive feature are based on the best data available as of mid-2010. There is also a smaller community of Turks in Ukraine, although due to language convergence and cultural assimilation they are often included as part of the Crimean Tatar minority. In 2012 an estimated 1,500,000 of Muslims lived in Ukraine. Webukraine muslim population 2020 ukraine muslim population 2020. ukraine muslim population 2020 22 Jan. ukraine muslim population 2020. On the other hand, it has spread to most countries of the world. Inspired attire: get 25% off clothing with code INSPIRED thru Aug. 19. The tension between various Muslim groups, particularly Shi'a vs Sunni, has occasionally led to armed conflict and terrorist activity. Crimean Muslims were subjected to mass deportation in 1944 when Joseph Stalin accused them of collaborating with Nazi Germany. The population is almost entirely contained in the single, organized and united movement, commonly referred to as the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (AMC), headed by the Khalifa. 2020. Hide Footnote A 2013 media report cited estimates for the citys total Muslim population as ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 people. WebOriginal Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 hats and caps designed and sold by artists. WebHigh quality Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 inspired Mugs by independent artists and designers from around the world. Interestingly, while the countries listed above have the most Muslims overall, many smaller countries have a higher concentration of Muslim citizens. The increase appears to be due primarily to emigration of ethnic Russians and other traditionally non-Muslim groups from the country during the past decade as well as to the general trend, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, of fewer people in former Soviet republics identifying as nonreligious. However, the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has boycotted the census since 1974 which renders official Pakistani figures to be inaccurate. A figure of 10 to 20 million represents 0.62% to 1.25% of the world's Muslim population. All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. The World Bank estimated its population at 44.6 million in 2018. [ citation needed ] According to the 2000 census Ukraine was home to 248,193 Crimean Tatars, 73,304 Volga Tatars , 45,176 Azeris , 12,353 Uzbeks , 8,844 Turks , 6,575 Arabs and 5,526 Kazakhs . WebPopulationPyramid.net Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100. The World Bank estimated its population at 44.6 million in 2018. Under the. [9] A 2011 Pew Forum study estimated a Ukrainian Muslim population of 393,000,[10] but the Clerical Board of Ukraine's Muslims claimed there were two million Muslims in Ukraine as of 2009. WebUnique Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 Posters designed and sold by artists. Percentage of 2010 Population that is Muslim. Thus, a figure of 500 is unlikely to be representative of the total Ahmadiyya population. WebOriginal Ukraine Muslim Population 2020 hats and caps designed and sold by artists. Web10% of Ukrainians identified as atheists. [ citation needed ] According to the 2000 census Ukraine was home to 248,193 Crimean Tatars, 73,304 Volga Tatars , 45,176 Azeris , 12,353 Uzbeks , 8,844 Turks , 6,575 Arabs and 5,526 Kazakhs . There are over 500 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, Gender pay gap in U.S. hasnt changed much in two decades. WebThere are more than two billion Muslims worldwide, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world, exceeded only by Christianity. These problems in the historical data are a reminder that new censuses and surveys sometimes contradict older ones. Tables: Muslim Population by Country | Muslim Population Growth by Country. So even with an upper two-million estimate, less than five percent of Ukrainians will be observing the promised new holidays because of their faith. (Sources are various. Country. WebMuslims make up only approximately 0.9% of the Ukrainian population, but as much as 12% in Crimea. Any country in which Muslims make up 50% or more of the population is considered a Muslim majority country. WebHigh quality Ukraine Muslim Population 2020-inspired gifts and merchandise.