sulla primary sources

Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Updated on October 07, 2019. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Making of America. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. Primary Sources Sallust. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. Click the title for location and availability information. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. vinifera, hereafter V. vinifera) shares a close relationship with humans ().With unmatched cultivar diversity, this food source (table and raisin grapes) and winemaking ingredient (wine grapes) became an emblem of cultural identity in major Eurasian civilizations (1-3), leading to intensive research in ampelography, archaeobotany, and historical . [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. [131] The purge went on for several months. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. . [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Websites. Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. His primary duty was the defeat of Mithridates and the re-establishment of Roman power in the east. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Guide. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. Examples include journal articles, reviews . Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Tweet. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. His colleague was, 79 BC: Retires from political life, refusing the, 78 BC: Dies, perhaps of an intestinal ulcer, with funeral held in Rome, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 11:05. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. J. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. The collection currently contains . onwards. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Archives; Correspondence To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. [136] Sulla's reforms both looked to the past (often repassing former laws) and regulated for the future, particularly in his redefinition of maiestas (treason) laws and in his reform of the Senate. He could acknowledge the law as valid. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. They had, however, fallen on hard times. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. He was, however, defeated. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". . Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Categories . Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca.