how many texans died at the alamo

shrutiagrawal1798 The Alamo siege has resulted in the death of approximately 200 southern volunteers. ; Austin: Presidial Press, 1973), 5:11512. Juanas eleven-month-old son Alejo (Alijo) Prez, the youngest person in the fort at the time of the battle, was also probably the last survivor of the battle. Most accounts date from the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century and were provided by individuals of a very advanced age. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The attraction will have a preview opening April 14 and a public opening April 29, 2016. ( Karen Warren / Houston Chronicle ), In a reenactment of the battle of San Jacinto, Saturday, April 21, 2001, in Houston, members of the Army of Texas under the command of Sam Houston charge to engage the Mexican Army led by General Santa Ana. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". [3], Word of the battle reached the outside five days later on March 11, when two ranchers, Anselmo Bergara and Andrew Bargana, arrived at Gonzales. Members of the committee of public safety issued a circular addressed To the People of Texas that conveyed the news from Thomas Gay that he had just received information by Col. William T. Austin of the fall of the Alamo, and massacre of our countrymen in that garrison. As further confirmation, Gay wrote John Seguin gives the same information. The committee hoped the news would stir their fellow citizens into action.[10]. Jess "Frank" de la Teja, We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The battle of the Alamo is often said to have had no survivors: that is, no adult male Anglo-Texan present on March 6, 1836, survived the attack. Also, according to Ambrosio Rodrguez, a relative of his, Capt. The newly elected officials of the Republic of Texas left Washington on March 17, 1836 and headed up river to Groces Plantation where Houston had established his camp. Francisco Antonio Ruiz, San Antonios alcalde in 1836, declared that he, Ramn Msquiz, parish priest Refugio de la Garza, and other members of the town council were ordered by Santa Anna to dispose of the Mexican dead and help burn the bodies of the fallen defenders. The Mexican General is shown in the uniform of a private soldier. On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston led a weary and angry group of soldiers and Texas patriots to a great military victory. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Jim Bowie is said to have been the last Texan alive at the Alamo. Historians believe that approximately 600 Mexican soldiers died at the battle, bringing the Survivors who had been sent back to their homes told relatives and neighbors about their experiences. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". [1]John H. Jenkins, ed., Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna to Jos Mara Tornel, March 6, 1836,Papers of the Texas Revolution(10 vols. Historians believe that Jack Jackson, ed., and John Wheat, trans., Almonte's Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Inspection, Secret Report, and Role in the 1836 Campaign (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 2005). These included Tennessee congressman David Crockett, entrepreneur-adventurer James Bowie, and Mexican Please reset your password. Ann Richards, a staff writer for The Washington Post and an editorial writer for the Chronicle from 2012 to 2017. The siege and battle of the Alamo involved a considerable number of Mexican Texans, or Tejanos, as defenders, couriers, and noncombatants. Dolsons accounts, which he said were based on the eyewitness report of Colonel Juan Almonte, bolstered the case for Santa Annas continued captivity if not death for his crimes. Web643 Words3 Pages. Signup today for our free newsletter, Especially Texan. 188 cemeteries found within kilometers of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. Houston, who believed the men might be spies, had the two Tejanos examined to verify their story. At last they would face the foe intent on either killing or driving out every American colonist in the newly declared independent republic. A system error has occurred. Handbook of Texas Online, When word leaked out that Santa Anna was to be set free, anger and dismay grew. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/tejanos-and-the-siege-and-battle-of-the-alamo. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Texas wants to ban delta-8, but veterans are pushing back, Galveston gets fourth Carnival Cruise Line, Lauren Daigle at Houston Rodeo: 'God always has your number', Exclusive: Abbott explains push against diversity hiring programs, UH, Texas A&M removing DEI statements from hiring practices, 1960s River Oaks strip center to be replaced by luxe apartments, Man dead, person arrested after suspected homicide in League City, Houston is the most stressful city to work in, says new study, Final Four March Madness Music Festival 2023 lineup released, McCombs service draws luminaries, regular folks to pay respects, 2023 Houston rodeo parade: Route, map and more for season kickoff, Watch a Clydesdale collapse during mishap at Texas rodeo, 2023 Houston rodeo: Parking map, where to park and more. ( Smiley N. Pool / Houston Chronicle ). This event is so significant in my mind that I always try to devote a column that honors the heroism of these men on or around the anniversary of the occasion. We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. [10]Jenkins, ed.,PTR, Houston Army Orders, Camp on La Baca, March 14, 1836, 5:7778; Gay et al to Public, San Felipe, March 16, 1836, 5:90. It is estimated that approximately 250 Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. He was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2017 for a series of editorials on gun control and the Texas gun culture and a Pulitzer Prize winner in 2022, as part of the Houston Chronicle editorial team that produced a series of editorials on Donald Trump's "Big Lie." As the afternoon turned to evening, the Texans led columns of Mexican prisoners into camp, but there was no sign of Santa Anna. Footage captured by bystanders on their cell phones is quickly uploaded to social media platforms. Amid shouts of "Remember the Alamo," the 800 Texas soldiers defeated the larger and better supplied Mexican army of 1,200 soldiers led by Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana, president of Mexico. [14]Reprinted in theSan Antonio Express,March 6, 1936, Melancholy News from Texas,New York Sun, Saturday, April 12, 1836; Important News from Texas,The New Yorker, April 16 and 30, 1836; Jenkins ed., [Andrew] Briscoe to Editor [Louisiana Advertiser], 5:258. It is estimated that approximately 250 Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo. In addition, a number of Tejanos appear in the records as civilian observers of the battle. Even though Santa Anna correctly exclaimed that few of the rebels survived to tell their associates the tidings of their disaster, news of such a dramatic event was bound to spread. (AP Photo/Tim Johnson). [1]The victorious general also forwarded letters and documents found at the Alamo. Some controversy and debate has surrounded the exact number and their identity, but most were wives, children, servants and slaves whom the Alamos defenders had brought with them into the mission for safety after Santa Annas troops occupied San Antonio. 1 How many Texans are believed to have died at the Alamo? The Nock gun was brought to modern attention in the 1960 film The Alamo in which one is used by actor Richard Widmark, playing Jim Bowie. Battle of the Alamo The Battle of the Alamo was a battle fought between Mexicans and Texans. [12]Gray,Diary of Col. Wm. Bill Groneman, Alamo Defenders A Genealogy: The People and Their Words (Austin: Eakin Press, 1990). The 1836 Battle of the Alamo is one of the most pivotal battles in world history, signifying Texan identity, the fight for liberty, and bravery in the face of impossible odds. Todd Hansen, ed., The Alamo Reader: A Study in History (Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2003). Townspeople who had watched the assault from their houses and the streets of Bxar discussed what they had witnessed. It is estimated that approximately 250 Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo. "Texas Forever!! These men, who opposed Santa Annas return, took matters into their own hands and refused to allow the ship to sail, setting off a chain of events that delayed his return to Mexico until January 1837. The Texans were vastly outnumbered: estimates have their numbers at roughly 200 men, while the Mexican army had anywhere from 1,800 to 6,000 soldiers. Early the next day, a Texan detail in search of additional prisoners discovered him hiding in tall grass. Bodies piled up in the water. Details about the battle continued to emerge over the years, but these early letters and news accounts formed the basis for what would become the traditional story of the Battle of the Alamo. The painting has been displayed in the Texas Capitol since February 1891. When it finally ended, 630 Mexican soldiers were dead and some 730 had been taken prisoner. The two men chatted the rest of the afternoon. "Measured purely by its subsequent historical impact, the Battle of San Jacinto was one of the most pivotal in history," historian James Haley has observed. Which colour is the best colour in iPhone? How many Texans died in the Battle of the Alamo? Of the official list of 189 Texan defenders, all were killed. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. He was at the Alamo when Santa Anna's army arrived, but he was sent out as a courier. Your new password must contain one or more uppercase and lowercase letters, and one or more numbers or special characters. F. Gray, 136141. 188 cemeteries found in will be saved to your photo volunteer list. The birth of an independent Texas led to its annexation to the United States nearly a decade later and then to the Mexican War, which transformed the United States into a continental power. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Francisco Esparza, Gregorios brother, testified in 1859 that he had been part of San Antonios presidio company in the fall of 1835 but had been allowed to remain in San Antonio after Gen. Martn Perfecto de Coss surrender. beauty and history of the Alamo by supporting us with your donations. We have set your language to Another Arocha, Jos Mara, departed later, during a supposed three-day amnesty. At least a dozen soldiers survived the siege as couriers. Gen. Martin Cos' men, some 500 reinforcements, had arrived the night before and were exhausted by their forced march. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". In early interviews, Enrique Esparza claimed that she was not there but subsequently stated that, although he did not see her, he could not disprove her claim. They were met outside the walls by Antonio Cruz y Arocha, who was not among the defenders but assisted the Tejano couriers through the Mexican lines. It is estimated that approximately 250 Texans died at the Battle of the Alamo. This Monday, March 6, marks the anniversary of the fall of the Alamo outside of San Antonio, Texas, back in 1836. Nequate omnihilitate netur asimpor iaspelestin pliquibusda sametur reped moluptatem erit. Shouting, "Remember the Alamo!" Gray also included a list the men believed killed at the Alamo at the end of Joes account. The soldiers who worked through the night to erect flimsy barricades of trunks, baggage and packsaddles also were exhausted, and the Mexicans had failed to set pickets out. Eight Texans were killed; a couple of dozen were wounded. Eight Texans were killed; a couple of dozen were wounded. Can someone hack my PC through online games? accessed March 04, 2023, He praised his troops actions in winning this hard-fought victory and said the nation owed them its gratitude. Battle of San Jacinto: April 1836 From March to May, Mexican forces once again occupied the Alamo. Not until 1860, with the publication of Ruben M. PottersFall of the Alamo,was the public presented a detailed analysis of the battle. The cannon was disabled and buried by the Mexican Army after the battle. WebAt the Battle of the Alamo, between 182 and 257 Texians died. Still others hunkered down to the ground, trying to avoid the rain of deadly grapeshot. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Tennesseans Who Died at the Alamo and the Union County Connection to the Bloody Event According to a 1967 writing by Louise Davis of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas, 32 Tennesseans died at the Alamo, which was the largest number of any state that participated in the Seige of the Alamo. [2]Other Mexican officers recorded their feeling about the days events in their journals, which initially remained private. The story of the Alamo conformed to this old pattern of gathering and disseminating news. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. At the time, the Alamo garrison was equipped with 24 cannons, including 18 that were mounted and ready to fire. This is a carousel. In sum, unless conscripted at San Antonio into one of the units that participated in the final assault, no Tejano actively participated on the Mexican side in the attack of March 6. The Washington Standard / March 2, 2023. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. WebList of all those men who died defending the Alamo in 1836. The siege and battle of the Alamo involved a considerable number of Mexican Texans, or Tejanos, as defenders, couriers, and noncombatants. Dr. R. Bruce Winders, Former Alamo Director of History and Curator. A few of the survivors later gave chilling eyewitness accounts of the battle. [13]More Particulars of the Fall of the Alamo,Telegraph & Texas Register. Trinidad Coy was captured on February 23 by the Mexican advance and only escaped at the end of the battle. Of the official list of 189 Texan defenders, all were killed. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The first to know what happened at the Alamo on March 6, 1836, were the Mexican soldiers, survivors, and townspeople who participated in or witnessed the battle. Gen. Vicente Filisola identified Menchaca as an officer in the presidio guard. qx6o$>)' Employing the available reliable information, Alamo scholars have compiled a much longer list of Tejano participants in events beginning with the arrival of the Mexican army on February 23, 1836, through the final assault on March 6, 1836. Sam Houston was an American politician and soldier best known for his victory at the Battle of San Jacinto that secured the independence of Texas from Mexico. Houston attacked during the Mexican Army's siesta. Resend Activation Email. o@qiLbn45.7xDL=HAsPW6'A:b#c@@a[|5~uR|P{,f`A}_Q|~^ lE `$(ywCKR`,YonJTaV]w#bP >3V:{b|,G2nnj4BA(Cu6V4z.#cbnJ6JeXiv,"'K{|3*agXNpJ(PYJU]1r$+w/j\(MVPiv@P}z`G%DwLh:|~V&. 2 Were the Texans outnumbered in the Alamo? WebOn March 6, 1836, nearly 1800 soldiers in the Mexican army of Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna brutally attacked the Alamo after a 13-day siege. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Found more than one record for entered Email, You need to confirm this account before you can sign in. You need a Find a Grave account to continue. It has not always been this way, though. He and his officers ordered them to take prisoners, again to no avail. ", The Mexican camp erupted into chaos, with some soldiers scrambling for their weapons, others trying to shelter themselves behind large trees. He numbered his losses at 70 killed and 300 wounded. [14]Soon readers in the country were presented two versions of Crocketts death from which to choose: Crockett died fighting like a tiger or Crockett survived the battle only to be murdered by the express order of Santa Anna. [7]Jenkins, ed.,PTR, Sam Houston to James Collinsworth, Camp at Navadad, March 15, 1836, 5:82:84; Santa Anna to Citizens [of Texas], 5:2021. Tejanos participated in the siege and final assault on the Mexican side as well. Their two cannons, loaded with chopped horseshoes, slammed into barely awake Mexican soldiers. Additionally, San Antonio resident Pablo Daz, who would have been twenty years old at the time of the battle, claimed in a 1906 newspaper interview that he saw the body of one other Tejano defender, a man he identified simply as Cervantes. During the battle 189 Texans were killed. He's the author of six books, including Hometown Texas, a collection of his weekly "Native Texan" columns; Hurricane Season: The Unforgettable Story of the Houston Astros and the Resilience of a City; and Sutherland Springs: God, Guns and a Small Texas Town, published in 2020 and recipient of the 2021 Carr P. Collins Award, presented by the Texas Institute of Letters in recognition of the year's best work of nonfiction. This browser does not support getting your location. This event is so significant in my mind that I always try to devote a column that honors the heroism of these men on or around the anniversary of the occasion. Samuel Houston and his small army retreated eastward following the fall of the Alamo. (Wednesday December 5, 2007.) Section 107 related to Copyright and Fair Use for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. }r#7CuU4GW}iNL(@HVXEEV?c7l}8am/P*%Rcg,H pz`@pW~q2tOvN"-6tcEK^$vdxxx,]% 6#l~Ld;SsWt'^?^:;\y4V|DCkMkk`-)"PX>E_{VQt+7JxVy.~BiY? Mr. Without national news gathering organizations, newspaper editors relied on information gleaned from other publications in a journalistic version of the popular parlor game gossip. In this fashion, news of the Alamos fall reached the American public. It does not store any personal data. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The battle of the Alamo is often said to have had no survivors: that is, no adult male Anglo-Texan present on March 6, 1836, survived the attack. However, numerous other members of the garrison did escape death. At least a dozen soldiers survived the siege as couriers. Also know, how many Mexican soldiers attacked the Alamo? How long should you meditate as a Buddhist? Information supplied by Briscoe to theLouisiana Advertiser, published on March 28, 1836, said, Colonels James Bowie and Crockett were among the slain; the first murdered in his bed in which he had been confined by sickness. But as the smoke cleared after the bloody battle, around 15 survivors of the battle on the Texan side remained. "We were all firing as rapidly as we could," said Private Alfonso Steele (quoted in Jeff Long's "Duel of Eagles"). How many Texans are believed to have died at the Alamo? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Similarities with the June 9Courier and Enquirerarticle make it likely that Dolson had also authored it. [11]On March 20, 1836, Gray, who was still traveling with government, recorded in his journal that Travis slave, Joe, had arrived and had been interviewed by the cabinet. WebOn the morning of March 6, 1836, General Santa Anna recaptured the Alamo, ending the 13-day siege. On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston led a weary and angry group of soldiers and Texas patriots to a great military victory. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. [16]Hansen, ed., George M. Dolson Letter, July 19, 1836,The Alamo Reader, 608610. An estimated 1,000 to 1,600 Mexican soldiers died in the battle. He was unable to reach the fort and remained in town through the final assault. The Mexican forces also suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of the Alamo, losing between 600 and 1,600 men. Juan Segun was not the only Tejano courier from the Alamo. [12]Four days later on March 24, the editors of theTelegraph and Texas Registerpublished an article clearly based on Joes account as recorded by Gray entitled More Particulars of the Fall of the Alamo.[13]The publication of this account was significant because since 1836 Joes story has served as the basic narrative of the battle. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. For instance, if Jos Mara Rodrguez and his family were staying at a ranch close enough for him to have seen the flashes and heard the reports of guns, he certainly could not have observed General Urrea marching by on his way to attack James Walker Fannins command at Goliad. The following is, as near as I can recollect, the substance of it. The main details of Joes account told to the Cabinet can be summed up as follows: (1) Joe and Travis were in their shared quarters when the dawn attack began; (2) as master and slave raced together to the north wall, Travis shouted, Come on boys, the Mexicans are upon us, and well give themHell; (3) after the two exchanged several shots over the wall, a musket ball struck Travis in the forehead; (4) although mortally wounded, Travis killed General Mora with his sword before dying; (5) with Travis dead, Joe retreated to his quarters; (6) only one man Warner asked for quarter; (7) Bowie fired from his sick bed before being killed; (8) Crockett and his companions were found surrounded by twenty-four dead Mexican soldiers; (9) as the fighting died down, Mexican officers collected the women and slaves who were inside the Alamo; (10) after the battle Santa Anna entered the fort and vigorously addressed his soldiers like a Methodist preacher; (11) Joe and the other survivors were taken into town and then released; (12) and the bodies of the Texans were burned later that day. Which battles came before the Texans defeat at the Alamo? Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The piece was purchased at auction in Dallas by San Antonio resident Jim Guimarin, owner of The History Shop. In fact, the vast majority Every dollar helps. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This Bowie knife, part of a collection of items belonging to Texas revolutionist Jesse Robinson, who fought under James Bowie at the Battle of Concepcion and the Siege of Bexar, and under Gen. Sam Houston at San Jacinto. A general panic seems to have seized them.. At least one scholar also includes Guadalupe Rodrguez among the Alamo fallen on the basis of his apparent entry into the fort with Seguns group, but Rodrguezs name did not appear on any muster rolls or other documentation following the battle. [17]In 1836, though, the public clamor for authorities to hold Santa Anna accountable increased following the publication of these accounts of Crocketts supposed execution.[18]. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. [15]On July 19, 1836, George M. Dolson, a Texian soldier stationed at Galveston wrote his brother to tell him the latest news in Texas. Resend Activation Email, Please check the I'm not a robot checkbox, If you want to be a Photo Volunteer you must enter a ZIP Code or select your location on the map. Among the enemy slain were Bowie, Travis, and Crockett. Luciano (Jos Sebastin) Pacheco had been sent by Segun to retrieve a trunk of personal belongings at the time the Mexican advance was arriving and was unable to make his way into the fort. 200 This account already exists, but the email address still needs to be confirmed. Jenkins cited as his source William F. Grays mention of several letters from Houston that arrived at Washington on March 15, 1836, which apparently referred to the receipt of copies of Houstons letters to Fannin and Collinsworth. based on information from your browser. 188 cemeteries found within miles of your location will be saved to your photo volunteer list. For the Texans, the Battle of the Alamo became a symbol of heroic resistance and a rallying cry in their struggle for independence. When Mexican troops stormed the former mission known as the Alamo on the morning of March 6, 1836, Mexican General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna ordered that no prisoners be taken. Weve updated the security on the site. According to Houston's estimate, the battle was over in 18 minutes, although the killing continued until after dark. A letter from Galveston dated June 9, 1836, submitted by an unnamed correspondent for theNew York Courier and Enquirerreported that General Manuel Fernndez Castrilln had found six men alive at the end of the battle, one of whom was David Crockett. Not all of the rebels had been killed inside the fort as a great many fell in the vicinity under the sabres of the cavalry. Santa Anna insisted that Mexico would not suffer any foreigners, whatever their origin may be, to insult our country, and pollute its soil., Although his soldiers had captured several of the enemys flags, Santa Anna made a special point of sending the banner of the New Orleans Greys to prove to his government that foreigners were helping the rebels. Becoming a Find a Grave member is fast, easy and FREE. Across the county, Little RocksArkansas Gazettepublished a similar account on the same day. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. It started in February 23 through March 6, 1836. Texas remained independent for nearly 10 years, becoming a state in 1845. Paul D. Lack, The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History, 18351836 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1992). The general took a seat on a black box and asked for a bit of opium for himself. The Texan fighters did recognize that they were likely to die defending the Alamo. Timothy M. Matovina, The Alamo Remembered: Tejano Accounts and Perspectives (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995). The Mexicans fought desperately until daylight, when seven only of the garrison were found alive. Also entering the Alamo on the first day were Carlos Espalier, Gregorio (Jos Mara) Esparza, and Brgido Guerrero, the latter a Mexican army deserter who, like Espalier, appears to have been among James Bowies men rather than part of Seguns command. As 1 of 8 inscriptions on the exterior base of the San Jacinto Monument notes, "Almost one-third of the present area of the American nation, nearly a million square miles of territory, changed sovereignty.". The DetroitDemocratic Free Presspublished the Dolson Letter on September 19, 1836. Because several men of the Alamo garrison came to Texas from Louisiana, a former French colony (or had at least come through there) its very possible that French-made guns played a part in the Alamo siege. The painting by William H. Huddle, "The Surrender of Santa Anna," depicting the morning of April 27, 1836, is shown Thursday, April 18, 2002, in Austin, Texas. Mariano Rodrguez, was the paymaster in Santa Annas army. However, Houston informed Collinsworth that Santa Anna had sent [the address] by a negro to the citizens.. John Wharton tried to obey, only to hear one of his men respond, "Colonel Wharton, if Jesus Christ were to come down from heaven and order me to quit shooting Santanistas, I wouldn't do it, sir!" ", lleGeni cone excea cus, atur? The book explores the aftermath of the mass shooting at the Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas, on Nov. 5, 2017. This assertion contradicts Santa Annas own communications with Gen. Jos de Urrea, in which he made clear that Americans in arms against Mexico should be treated as pirates, as should Mexicans who joined with them.