cleveland police codes

Once you have downloaded the app, you need to set it to the frequencies you are interested in. . The Council may provide by rule the penalty or penalties for contempt in refusing to obey such subpoenas, and the Commission must do so if the Council has not. 10 codes are the most standardized class of police codes and, in turn, the most easily recognizable. Williams Jr. continues to face the threat of detention, travel restrictions, discrimination and other violations that impact Mr. Williams Jr.s life and will continue to impact his life for the foreseeable future, his attorney, Paul Cristallo, wrote in the lawsuit. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Thomas stated in her announcement on Thursday (March 2) that Williams can serve up to 90 days as RHPD chief. This page was last edited on 24 May 2021, at 18:25. Jennifer Ciaccia, a spokeswoman for Cleveland police. Officials at the BNai Jeshurun Congregation reported suspected fraud Feb. 22 after someone posing as an employee contacted the human resources department and duped them into sending direct deposit paychecks to another bank account. The official printed copy of a Code of Ordinances should be consulted prior to any action being taken. Officer needs emergency assistance. 10 Get Codes Details: Try all valid codes and apply the best one automatically at checkout. 5. The Code Enforcement Division enforces city codes and regulations that result in the protection of the health, safety and welfare of all citizens. Traffic stop, missing person (found): Old Brainard Road. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Vintage Cleveland Police License Clerk Badge at the best online prices at eBay! The following table contains hyper-links to state traffic crash report Get Adobe Readerforms and any overlay code sheets applicable to that state. While demographics have shifted over the decades, the largest part of Broadway today, Slavic Village . CLEVELAND (WJW) The FOX 8 I-Team has found the Cleveland police helicopters sitting on the ground almost all day every day instead of helping to protect you. Today this method has become increasingly popular. CLEVELAND, Ohio - Police are investigating a fatal shooting Monday in the city's Lee-Miles neighborhood. He was pronounced dead at the scene. He began his career in law enforcement in the First District. A Canfield woman, 23, escaped serious injury after her eastbound Chevy Malibu crashed into the rear of a parked flatbed truck with heavy machinery attached on the back at 8 a.m. March 2 near Lander Circle. If they are transmitting in digital mode, you will not be able to monitor them with any scanner. More Local News to Love Start today for 50% off Expires 3/6/23. You just need your internet connection and a . And while some departments are beginning to favor plain English over 10 codes, it's still an important language to learn. Columbus Police and Fire, Franklin County SO, and most other agencies in the county use the Motorola Type II Smartnet system TRS for all public safety communications. New P-25 compliant system being implemented for all public safety and public works departments. Police Scanner Radio channels are live and real-time. 2. Cleveland Police and Metro Housing Authority. Additionally, the formatting and pagination of the posted documents varies from the formatting and pagination of the official copy. Subscribe. Ohio MARCS-IP: Multi-Agency Radio Communications. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. These documents should not be relied upon as the definitive authority for local legislation. Return to DB page: Bradley County Tennessee Are there issues that code enforcement cannot address? Top Police Scanner Channels in 2017 Chicago Police Cleveland Police Dispatch and Metro Housing Authority Las Vegas Metropolitan Police - All Area Commands Los Angeles (South Bay) Police and Fire . Cleveland Regional Transit Police: 216.566.5163 CSU Police: Emergencies- 216.687.2111, General- 216.687.2020 University Circle Police: 216.791.1234 Division of Police Dornat (Wayne) Drummond, Chief of Police 1300 Ontario St. Cleveland, Ohio 44113 P: 216.623.5000 F: 216.623.5584 Relay Service: 711 Send Email Mission Statement Police arrived and arrested him, with a standing no-contact order tied to the bond he subsequently posted. A resident reported Feb. 24 that someone had rummaged through their unlocked Dodge Ram truck parked in the driveway overnight, although nothing appeared to be missing. 2023 Advance Local Media LLC. Sign up atcleveland.com/newsletters. For further information regarding the official version of any of this Code of Ordinances or other documents posted on this site, please contact the Municipality directly or contact American Legal Publishing toll-free at 800-445-5588. A Lyndhurst man, 22, faced a slew of misdemeanor charges after he allegedly showed up at Ursuline College and confronted his ex-girlfriend, a student living on campus, around 2 p.m. Feb. 26. A code blue hospital announcement means that an adult is having a medical emergency, usually cardiac or respiratory arrest. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. These neighborhoods rank highest consistently on a per capita basis in both violent and property crimes, with between 41 . A Woodmere man, 56, was detained with handcuffs briefly after police said he tried to walk away from a traffic stop on Feb. 28. Read our pinned tweet now. Olmsted Falls and Oldmsted Township PD/FD use this system. United States of America v. City of Cleveland. 1300 Ontario St. Cleveland, OH 44113. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. GPO - Index (Effective 11-30-20 to Current) GPO - Table of Contents (Effective 03-01-2022 to Current) Eliciting public comment on police policy issues. So, I am very honored that chief Williams came out of retirement to serve as our interim Chief! Police & Fire news from the Cleveland area. NE Ohio Scanner. Full Cooperation by the Chief of Police, Division of Police, and Executive Head of the Police Force Required. Exercise such other and further authority and duties as this Section prescribes. Division of Police Dornat (Wayne) Drummond, Chief of Police 1300 Ontario St. Cleveland, Ohio 44113P: 216.623.5000F: 216.623.5584Relay Service: 711Send Email. Broadcastify - Best Radio Scanner App Overall 3. The mission of the Cleveland Division of Police is to serve as guardians of the Cleveland community. 211. Current RHPD Chief Thomas Wetzel is due to retire March 7 after nearly four-and-a-half years in the position. Listen to 1000s of Police Scanner and Fire/EMS radio channels. How does code enforcement work? Interviewing and recommending candidates for police commander and inspector general to the Mayor. Disclaimer: This Code of Ordinances and/or any other documents that appear on this site may not reflect the most current legislation adopted by the Municipality. Agents detained him because of the warrant and handed him over to Cuyahoga County sheriffs deputies, who took him to jail. 1300 Ontario St. Cleveland, Ohio 44112 P: 216-623-5000 F: 216-623-5584 Relay Service: 711 First District 3895 West 130 th St. Cleveland, Ohio 44111 P: 216-623-5100 Community Services P: 216-623-2503 Acting Commander Kevin Schwarz P: 216-623-5105 Second District 3481 Fulton Road Cleveland, Ohio 44109 P: 216-623-5200 Community Services Here is a fully comprehensive list of Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials ( APCO) 10 codes. Adopting and amending rules for the Commission's procedures, including selecting leadership and any additional articles sufficient for efficient and effective execution of its duties. Directing the Civilian Police Review Board to independently investigate the conduct of every police officer against whom a lawsuit has been threatened or filed, or for whom the City has paid a settlement to obtain a liability release, or against whom there has been a court judgment for alleged misconduct. BCEMS also has 2 Trek bicycles used for rapid response during community events and while patroling the Greenway. Non-police-association-representative members. Performing audits and broad investigations into investigative processes, including audits for quality assurance and adherence to policy and procedure of closed investigations and closed discipline cases of police officers and Division of Police employees. With this app you can easily listen to Cleveland police scanner stations or frequencies. Hospital personnel are trained to respond. Cars are 31** When Units or Dispatch advise 'go to 100' they turn on speech inversion scrambling. Curtis Bobbitt, 22, of Cleveland was shot about 5:05 p.m. Police responded to the. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. Attempts re-connection of a feed automatically if connection is lost. When you stream police radio feeds online, you can be assured that all feeds are live in real-time. Days later, Chief Williams accepted my offer. It is challenging to find officers, and only a few Chiefs are available with the experience and expertise that Chief Williams brings. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Advance Local. 207A. Most apps have already identified the frequencies. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. A Lyndhurst man, 22, faced a slew of misdemeanor charges after he allegedly showed up at Ursuline . Consistent with federal and state law, protecting from disclosure confidential, non-public records to which the Commission has been provided access. For further information regarding the official version of any of this Code of Ordinances or other documents posted on this site, please contact the Municipality directly or contact American Legal Publishing toll-free at 800-445-5588. Police Codes Explained Even if you're green in the scannerverse, you probably already use police codes in jest. Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. Guided by the Constitution, we shall enforce the law, maintain order, and protect the lives, property, and rights of all people. Common Dispatch for: Gates Mills - Units: 14** Highland Heights - Units: 8** Mayfield Heights - Units: 5** Mayfield Village - Units: 6**. Police scanner penal codes are formulated to keep communications fast and efficient. it/that. Website. Any order by the Commission to increase or impose discipline will be final and the chief and executive head of the police force must follow it. Also includes traffic control and special operations channels. At least 30 days before the process begins, the City must solicit recommendations for membership from community organizations who have interest in police oversight, and post applications prominently on the City's website, City Council website, and through local print, television, radio, and digital media. Languages: They come in several languages including English, Spanish, Finnish, Korean, Hebrew, Portuguese, Catalan, Turkish, Norwegian, German, Japanese, Slovak, Indonesian, simplified and traditional Chinese, Dutch, Polish, Czech, Italian, Russian, Danish, French, Swedish, Greek, Hungarian, Romanian, and others. Williams Jr. on May 26, 2021, went to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport to fly out on business when he was stopped by Transportation Security Administration agents. Free Online Police Scanner Codes These codes have been extremely helpful in police emergency and rescue operations for years. Finally, you can start listening to the feeds. on Reportedly Highland Hills is NEXEDGE digital capable. Two weeks ago, more than 90% of the Cleveland Police Patrolmen's Association voted that they have "no confidence" in Cleveland Safety Director Karrie Howard's leadership. During Tuesdays (Feb. 28) City Council meeting, Thomas told council that she would have an announcement soon as to who would serve as interim chief. The Cleveland Police area covers approximately 230 square miles and has a population of around 560,000 people. Oversee and manage the functions of the Office of the Commission to advance the Commission's mission and perform other public duties as the Commission may prescribe. More Local News to Love Start today for 50% off Expires 3/6/23. Bay Village/Fairview Park/North Olmsted/Rocky River/Westlake PDs. The City will provide additional staff and resources not outlined in this section that it deems sufficient to enable the Commission to perform its duties. A family which receives a housing voucher can select a unit with a rent that is below or above the payment standard. Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. You can listen live radio traffic via your desktop, phone or tablet. Fri, Sep 25, 2020 at 6:00 am, Arthur Treacher's in Garfield Heights Reopened by New Owner Who Plans More Locations in Ohio, First Look: Campus Pollyeyes, Opening Next Week in Little Italy. Officers were told that a man had been shot in a lot at 4070 Lee Road, near Harvard Avenue. 154.31000: Fire Dispatch: Fulton County: County Fire - Dispatch: 155.29500: Fire Dispatch: Gallia County: Gallia Co Fire/EMS: 46.02000: Fire Dispatch: Geauga County: County Fire . Updated: Feb. 28, 2023, 10:52 a . Police-association-representative members. Commission membership, eligibility, and appointment categories. Southwest/South Central: Berea, Brooklyn, Brookpark, Linndale, Middleburg Heights, North Royalton, Parma, Parma Heights, & Strongsville. The Mayor and Council will appropriate the Office of the Commission's budget in a budget-control level independent of any other City department. Most accurate 2021 crime rates for Cleveland, OH. She also stated that Williams could also apply to become the next RHPD chief. So in this case, you can choose a Cleveland Ohio police frequency. 229. American Legal Publishing provides these documents for informational purposes only. In one incident, the agency says Cleveland police tased a suicidal . The most obvious example is 10-4, which is simply used to signify acknowledgment. Try All CLEVELAND POLICE Codes Automatically at Checkout Details Trusted by 1+ Million Members. CLEVELAND, Ohio Police are investigating a fatal shooting Monday in the citys Lee-Miles neighborhood. Listen to Cleveland Police radio feed now. You don't have to be in the dark with potential dangerous events in Chicago. All rights reserved (About Us). The official printed copy of a Code of Ordinances should be consulted prior to any action being taken. Auditing and verifying police-officer training. GPO - Index (Effective 11-30-20 to Current), GPO - Table of Contents (Effective 03-01-2022 to Current), Sidebar Nav - Government_Departments_Police, GPO - Index (Effective 02-12-21 to Current).pdf, GPO - Table of Contents (Effective 03-01-2022 to Current).pdf, 1.02.11 Administering Oaths and Acknowledging Documents REV 12.17.20.pdf, 1.03.08 Learning Management System (LMS).pdf, 1.03.09 Division Training Instructor Selection.pdf, 1.07.04 Public Complaints of Misconduct a.pdf, 1.07.05 Internal Complaints of Misconduct .pdf, 2.01.06 Supervisor Reviews and Investigations.pdf, 2.02.03 Miranda Warning and Waiver (r).pdf, 2.02.04 Strip Searches and Body Cavity Searches.pdf, 2.03.02 Civil Lawsuits and Legal Advice.pdf, 3.01.01 Arrestee Restraint Transport and Supervision.pdf, 3.02.01 Arrestee Medical and Mental Health Needs.pdf, 3.02.02 Guarding Arrestees at Hospitals.pdf, 3.03.01 Arrestee Processing and Housing.pdf, 3.03.03 Juvenile Arrestee Booking and Housing.PDF, 3.04.01 Probable Cause-Warrantless Arrests.pdf, 3.04.02 Warrantless Fel and Esc Misd Arrests.pdf, 3.04.03 Warrantless Non-Esc Misd Arrests.pdf, 4.02.03 Bomb Squad and Improvised Explosive Device Protocols.pdf, 4.02.04 Cleveland Police Auxiliary Officer Program.pdf, 4.03.01 Protocol with Outside Agencies.pdf, 4.03.02 Protocol - Cleveland State University Police Department.pdf, 4.03.03 Protocol - Cleveland Metropolitan School District Police Department.pdf, 4.03.04 Protocol - Case Western Reserve University Police.pdf, 4.03.05 Protocol - Cleveland Clinic Police Department.pdf, 4.03.06 Protocol - Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authority Police Department.pdf, 4.03.07 Protocol - MetroHealth Police Department.pdf, 4.03.08 Protocol - Cuyahoga Community College Police Department.pdf, 4.03.09 Protocol - University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Police Department.pdf, 4.03.10 Protocol - University Circle Police Department.pdf, 4.04.01 Patrol Section Responsibilities.pdf, 4.04.03 Daily Reports, Duty Reports, and Unit Histories.pdf, 4.04.05 Overtime and Compensatory Time.pdf, 4.04.07 Community and Problem-Oriented Policing.pdf, 4.05.02 Duties of Command and Superior Officers.pdf, 4.05.03 Acting Out Of Rank Classification.pdf, 4.08.07 Officer Safety - Plain Clothes and Off-Duty.pdf, 5.03.08 Request for Driver License Examination.pdf, 5.05.01 Enforcement of Domestic Violence Statutes.pdf, 5.05.03 Domestic Violence Incidents Involving CDP Officers.pdf, 5.08.01 Firearms Seized Confiscated or Found.pdf, 5.10.01 Crime Scene Preservation and Processing.pdf, 5.11.01 Crisis Intervention Team Definitions.pdf, 5.11.02 Crisis Intervention Team Program.pdf, 5.11.03 Crisis Intervention Team Response.pdf, 5.11.04 Cuyahoga County Diversion Center (CCDC).pdf, 5.12.04 Communicating with the Limited English Proficient and Deaf EFF 10.09.20.pdf, 5.12.05 Interaction w-TIGN Individuals.pdf, 6.01.03 Seized United States Currrency.pdf, 6.04.03 City Property-Damaged, Lost, or Stolen.pdf, 7.01.02 Mobile Computer Aided Dispatch.pdf, 7.03.01 Use of Divsion Computers and Email.pdf, 7.03.03 Social Media Policy and Usage.pdf, 1.1.03 Standards of Conduct and Courtesy.pdf, 1.1.12 Uniform and Clothing Regulations.pdf, 1.1.18 Police Recruit Training Standards.pdf, 1.1.23 Reporting Controversial Incidents to the Chiefs Office.pdf, 1.1.27 Request for Repairs and Improvements of Police Facilities.pdf, 1.1.29 Health Insurance Portability-Accountability Act (HIPAA).pdf, 1.1.33 Separating From the Cleveland Division of Police.pdf, 1.1.34 Automated External Defibrillators.pdf, 1.1.35 Police Officer Training Standards.pdf, 1.1.36 Traffic Violations Incurred with City Vehicles.pdf, 1.1.38 Post Traumatic Incident Protocol.pdf, 1.1.41 Employee Assistance and Support.pdf, 1.3.03 Police Ceremonies and Memorial Services.pdf, 1.3.09 Military Courtesy and Formations.pdf, 1.3.11 Ammunition and Firearm Regulations.pdf, 1.3.17 Long Distance Telephone Call Log Books.pdf, 1.3.18 Removing Badges from Circulation.pdf, 1.3.19 Proper Disposal of Division Flags.pdf, 1.3.25 Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA).pdf, 1.3.29 Use of Mobile Data Computers (MDC) and Detective Tablets (DT).pdf, 1.3.33 Duty to Avoid the Appearance of Impropriety.pdf, 1.3.35 Diplomatic and Consular Immunity.pdf, 2.1.03 Firearm Discharge Investigations.pdf, 2.2.02 Warrant Summons in Lieu of Arrest.pdf, 2.2.03 Cuyahoga County Warrant or Capias Arrests.pdf, 2.3.02 Subpoenas from the Office of Professional Standards.pdf, 3.2.05 General Labor Strike Disturbance.pdf, 3.2.08 Chronic Alarm Abuse Program (CAAP).pdf, 3.2.09 Use of Special Weapons and Tactics Unit (SWAT).pdf, 3.2.11 Contacting Blood and Body Fluid.pdf, 3.2.13 Non-Traffic Accidents on City Property.pdf, 3.2.15 Reporting Quality of Life Matters and Hazards.pdf, 3.3.03 Crowd Management and Protection of Constitutional Rights.pdf, 3.4.01 Accountability of MMCs - PINs - and UTTs.pdf, 3.4.02 Failure to Comply With Order or Signal of a Police Officer.pdf, 3.4.03 Use of Video-Image and Audio Recording Equiment.pdf, 3.4.04 Disorderly Conduct Intoxication (DCI) Arrests.pdf, 3.4.06 Issuance of Citations or Warrant Summons.pdf, 3.4.10 Drug Related Activity Prohibited.pdf, 3.4.12 Ethnic Intimidation and Hate Incident Investigations.pdf, 3.4.13 Parking Infraction Notices (PIN).pdf, 3.4.14 Driving Under Suspension Arrests and Citations.pdf, 3.4.19 Open Container Citation-Arrests.pdf, 3.4.20 Use of the Housing Code Violation Warning Form.pdf, 3.4.21 Cooperative Response to Serious Crimes.pdf, 3.4.22 Terrorist Activity and Identification Response.pdf, 4.1.02 Firearm Test Firing and Serial Number Restoration.pdf, 4.1.05 Felonious Assault Incidents Involving Police Officers.pdf, 4.1.07 Gunshot Residue Collection (GSR).pdf, 4.1.11 Electronic Recording of Homicide and Deadly Force Encounter Statements.pdf, 4.1.13 Investigation of Human Trafficking.pdf, 4.1.14 Combined Abduction Response Team.pdf, 4.2.03 Follow-up for Violation of State Drug Law Arrests.pdf, 4.2.05 Removing Drug Evidence from the Forensic Unit.pdf, 6.1.04 Law Enforcement Agency Duties-Crime Victim Compensation.pdf, 6.1.05 Abandoned Baby (72 Hours or Less of Age).pdf, 6.2.01 Stolen-Lost License Plates or Validation Stickers.pdf, 6.2.04 Grand Theft Motor Vehicle and Unauthorized Use Investigations.pdf, 6.2.05 Carrying a Concealed Weapon (CCW) Arrest.pdf, 6.2.07 Reporting Elder Abuse, Exploitation or Neglect.pdf, 6.2.10c - Missing Child-Elderly Alert (12.25.19).pdf, 6.2.10d - Police and Community Alert (12.25.19).pdf, 6.2.13 Stolen-Unauthorized Use of Motor Vehicle Recovery Investigations.pdf, 6.2.14 Drug Offenses - Use of Ohio Revised and Municipal Codes.pdf, 6.2.15 The National Motor Vehicle Title Information System (NMVTIS) Hold Notices.pdf, 6.2.16 Citizen Online Reporting System (CORS).pdf, 6.2.17c - Missing Child-Elderly Alert (12.25.19).pdf, 6.2.17d - Police and Community Alert (12.25.19).pdf, 8.1.02 OH-1 Traffic Accident Reports, Supplements and Violation Enforcement.pdf, 8.1.03 Form-10 Reports for Accident Investigations.pdf, 8.1.05 Traffic Safety Analysis Panel (TSAP).pdf, 8.2.05 Operating a Vehicle While Intoxicated (OVI) Enforcement.pdf, 9.1.01 Communications - Radio Protocol.pdf, 9.1.04 Request for a Copy of a Bureau of Communications Recording.pdf, 9.1.08 A Child is Missing Program (ACIM).pdf, 9.1.09 Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL) System.pdf, 9.2.01 LEADS Terminal Agency Coordinator and Terminal Coordinator.pdf, 10.1.01 Handling Infectious Evidence - Waste.pdf, 10.1.04 Property Unit Notification for Cases Taken Directly to the Grand Jury.pdf, 10.2.02 Property Confiscated for the Registrar of Motor Vehicles.pdf. Common Dispatch for: Gates Mills - Cars: 35** Base: 3500 Highland Heights - Cars: 37** Base: 3700 Lyndhurst - Cars: 43** Base: 4300 Mayfield Heights - Cars: 45** or Car ** Base: 4500 Mayfield Village - Cars: 46** Base: 4600, Common Dispatch Frequency for: Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights, University Heights, South Euclid, and Richmond Heights, Common Dispatch for: Gates Mills - Units: 14** Highland Heights - Units: 8** Mayfield Heights - Units: 5** Mayfield Village - Units: 6**. A 25-year-old off-duty cop was shot and killed in an apparent carjacking in Cleveland, Ohio on New Year's Eve, police said. Police & Fire news from the Cleveland area. No person in the executive branch will exercise discretionary authority to make changes to the proposed budget to which the Commission does not agree. With phonetic alphabet and built-in codes including those of the Cleveland police scanner codes, military and firefighter codes, and emergency and medical services; this should be appreciated by beginners who are new to live police scanning feeds. Anyone with additional information related to the shooting should contact investigators at 216-623-5464. Regarding regulation of the City's police force and community-police relations: maintain contacts with all community groups concerned with constitutional policing, social justice, and public safety, including police associations; report to the Commission regarding these groups' activities; and serve as a source of accurate and reliable data on issues in the field of community policing, law enforcement, social justice, and racial justice. All forms are in Adobe Portable Document File Format (PDF). Under the terms set through Shaker Heights Municipal Court, his bond would be revoked if he did make any subsequent contact with the woman. Please login with your Premium Subscriber Account, To learn more about our premium subscription program please see: RadioReference Premium Subscription, GCRCN (Greater Cleveland Radio Communications Network), Ohio MARCS-IP: Multi-Agency Radio Communications. Manage the preparation of the Commission's proposed budget, and submit an annual budget request to the Mayor. Note: The paragraph above was set forth in the language adopted by the voters. At the times of riots, police use the "10-34" emergency code, and to announce a major crime alert, the US police uses the code "10-35." Kidnapping attempt. You can also find frequencies for MAMA helicopter, WINGS helicopter, and others. She reported that her live-in boyfriend and father of her children, Mark Williams, assaulted her and stole her credit card, phone and car keys, according to the lawsuit. Community News; Drunk woman nearly walks into traffic while failing field sobriety test: North Royalton Police Blotter. 187. Commissioners and the Executive Director may advocate for resources directly to Council members or the Council during the budget process and throughout the year. Having final authority over establishing the policies, applications, and examinations by which new police recruits must be sought out and recruited and screened, including screening for bias. The Director of Finance may review the budget request for lawfulness and reasonableness and make recommendations for improvement to the draft budget. She called the companys fraud department and reported she had not opened any accounts with them. Current RHPD Chief. 5-0 Radio Scanner - Best Free 4.