Berger Z, Evans N, Phelan A, Silverman R. COVID-19: control measures must be equitable and inclusive. Several researches are focused on prevention and treatment interventions for post-COVID-19 syndrome. COVID-19 causes different symptoms in different people, including chest pain. There is preliminary evidence supporting that neuropathic pain at early post-COVID can be associated with serum levels of neurofilament light chain (NFL) as a potential biomarker [83], while secondary analysis found no association between serological biomarkers at the acute phase of COVID-19 and the development of long COVID neuropathic pain symptoms at 6months and 1year after infection [84, 85]. Some non-pharmacological and physical tools such as patients educations, psychological support, medical instructions, exercises, and posture or lifestyle changes can be easily implemented through telemedicine [22, 117]. 2022;24: 100485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100485. Wear a mask when you are in crowded areas, especially with people of unknown vaccination status. (Epub 2021 Mar 22). The following related keywords were used for the search (COVID-19, coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, post-COVID pain, post-COVID pain syndromes, post-COVID headache, post-COVID chronic pain post-COVID neuropathic pain and post-COVID musculoskeletal pain). However, acute phase severity, hospitalization, greater age, female sex, high body mass index (BMI), and any chronic diseases are factors associated with post-COVID-19 [37, 46]. Symptoms of COVID-19 outpatients in the United States. Special precautions for the transdermal opioids formula, the elevated temperature associated with COVID-19, may increase absorption from transdermal patches and could increase opioid side effects [9]. There are many trials with the main goals to optimize the patients symptoms, improve the function, and enhance the quality of life. Iadecola C, Anrather J, Kamel H. Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system. Children and teens ages 6 months-17 years Adults 18 years and older After a second shot or booster Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy as an autoimmune disease. The COVID lifestyle created what is called the lockdown lifestyle. Salah N. El-Tallawy (Corresponding Author): concept and design, writing, searching, supervision for all steps. N Engl J Med. COVID-19 is having a profound effect on patients with pain. Epub 2020 Jun 11. Post-COVID-19 is associated with worsening of previous pain or appearance of de novo pain. Both act on lymphocytes by negatively modulating the response of natural killer cells. Interaction between treatment of chronic pain and COVID-19 pandemic: [16, 26]. If you experiencesignificant chest discomfort suddenly, especially if it spreads to your arms, back, or jaw, it's essential to get medical help right once. Myositis is muscle inflammation caused by metabolic abnormalities, which may be triggered by COVID-19 infection. Google Scholar. Collins RA, Ray N, Ratheal K, Colon A. 2020;77:101827. The most commonly reported symptoms of post- COVID-19 syndrome include: Fatigue Symptoms that get worse after physical or mental effort Fever Lung (respiratory) symptoms, including difficulty breathing or shortness of breath and cough Other possible symptoms include: COVID-19 is having a profound effect on patients with chronic pain. 2020;77(6):68390. It seems that no relationship exists between the initial severity of COVID-19 infection and the likelihood of developing post-COVID-19 conditions(5). Fernndez-de-las-Peas C, Palacios-Cea D, Gmez-Mayordomo V, et al. Attala N, Martineza V, Bouhassira D. Potential for increased prevalence of neuropathic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic. Page GG. Pain Management in the Post-COVID EraAn Update: A Narrative Review. Furthermore, a recent comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of long COVID, and showed that 45% of COVID-19 survivors were experiencing a wide range of unresolved symptoms for at least 4months after a confirmed COVID-19 infection [7]. Persistent neuromuscular and neurophysiologic abnormalities in long-term survivors of prolonged critical illness. You can take Pantoprazole 40 mg twice a day one hour before food instead of Nexium (Esomeprazole Sodium) for ten days. Post-COVID headache: The International Classification of Headache disorders uses a headache duration of more than 3months after the acute infection for the diagnosis of Chronic headache attributed to systemic viral infection [15]. Lancet 2018;392:1859922. You can upload files and images in the next step. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. PLoSOne. medRxiv. Myocarditis detected after COVID-19 recovery. Can diet help improve depression symptoms? Mamdouh M.M. Telemedicine is not suitable for patients with advanced diseases or low level in using technology [9, 30]. The final reviewing strategy of the literature search results in a total of 58 articles in this review (Fig. Yes. Chronic pain conditions can be triggered by psychosocial stressors or organ-specific biological factors. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Gastrointestinal problems, such as acid reflux, can cause pain behind the . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. A significant number of patients infected with COVED-19 developed post- or long COVID-19 symptoms with more burden on patients with chronic pain. Brain Behav Immun. Danilo Buonsenso has received grants from Pfizer and Roche to study long Covid in children and participated in the ESPID 2022 meeting on COVID-19 vaccines sponsored by Pfizer. UK, Van Boxem K, Rijsdijk M, Hans G, et al. China JAMA Neurol. One simple and accessible treatment to consider Coming out of the pandemic, it's time to reflect on lessons learned and make some changes. Reactive arthritis can occur after various infections, even if joint pain was not a symptom during the initial illness. cold and flu-like symptoms. It usually presents with clusters of symptoms, often overlapping, which can fluctuate and change over time and can affect any system in the body. Lockdown, travel restrictions, social and physical distances, and isolation. Basically feels like chest pain and is a diagnosis of exclusion. Rodrguez Y, Vatti N, Ramrez-Santana C, Chang C, Mancera-Pez O, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. However, the pandemic time has created a new window for the introduction of such new services to reduce the risk of exposure and facilitate easy communications after the pandemic [16, 60]. The infection-control precautions according to the WHO recommendations should be followed (5). Soares FHC, Kubota GT, Fernandes AM, et al. Not suitable in some areas, such as rural areas and developing countries with restricted facilities [9, 30]. Viral arthritis is the inflammation of the joints caused by a viral infection. Patients with moderate-to-severe pain, opioids with minimal immune-suppression effects (e.g., buprenorphine, tramadol, or oxycodone) are recommended. Groff D, Sun A, Ssentongo AE, et al. Influence of lumbar epidural injection volume on pain relief for radicular leg pain and/or low back pain. It appears from the previous publications that post-COVID pain symptoms are fixed and presented (50%) among the top ten post-COVID-19 symptoms. Kisiela MA, Janols H, Nordqvist T, Bergquist J, Hagfeldt S, Malinovschi A, Svartengren M. Predictors of post-COVID-19 and the impact of persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized patients 12 months after COVID-19, with a focus on work ability. Patients need opioids for longer durations: an inpatient visit is recommended to identify patients who might be candidates for opioids or other interventions [7, 41]. J Clin Epidemiol. Kathleen K. Telemedicine for pain management: where does it stand as we head into 2023? https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23221. Martn MTF, Solrzano EO. Still, it can be extremely painful and debilitating, especially in children. Modalities of telemedicine: different modalities of telemedicine have been introduced including virtual visits via video, phone, or chat, as well as remote patient monitoring and technology-enabled modalities such as using smartphone apps to manage disease [22, 118]. It is a long COVID symptom, meaning it persists for an extended period of time after a person recovers from COVID-19. Some people may feel it in one particular area of the chest, while for others, it is more widespread. The prevalence of neuropathic pain was estimated to be 24.4% [29]. She added that she has done a number of cardiac MRIs, the gold standard for diagnosing myocarditis and has found the instances of it rather low in COVID-19 patients. The course of COVID-19 is divided into three main stages: acute COVID-19 (up to 4weeks), post-acute COVID-19 (from 4 to 12weeks), and post-COVID (from 12weeks to 6months). The novel teaching point is that COVID-19 myocarditis can present with acute manifestations such as chest pain and transient ST-segment elevation even several weeks after complete recovery from the initial infection. 2003;37:47682. Long COVID patients, or long haulers, battle symptoms that include chest pain, chronic fatigue, brain fog, shortness of breath, nerve problems, anxiety and depression, joint and muscle pain and more. The development of telemedicine, eHealth, app-based solutions, and remote care. Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Rodriguez-Jimenez J, Fuensalida-Novo S, et al. To triage the cases according to the risk of infection [9, 16]. An autoimmune process caused by covidcanbe the cause of chest congestion. NDTV does not claim responsibility for this information. In severe cases, myocarditis can lead to heart failure and irregular heart rhythms. Patients with severe exacerbation of chronic pain: a short-term electronic prescription after evaluation via telemedicine is reasonable. Post-COVID-19 chronic pain may include either regional or widespread pain [33, 34]. They can vary across different age groups. 2020;64:45662. Crit Care Med. The American Association of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) and many other international associations state that more selective action should be taken in the administration of corticosteroids [9, 24, 60]. Yes. Generally, any patient who becomes infected with COVID-19 can develop post-COVID-19 conditions. COVID-19 is associated with inflammation in the lungs and other parts of the body, such as the heart, brain, and muscles. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000884. In addition, you could wear compression stockings on both legs, which will also help decrease dizziness and lightheadedness. 2021:19. Marinangeli F, Giarratano A, Petrini F. Chronic pain and COVID-19: pathophysiological, clinical and organizational issues. After the procedure, the patient should be monitored in the same room. Wadehra S. COVID long haulers and the new chronic pain profile. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, Mostoufi S, Golnari G, Reis V, Cuneo JG. There is no correlation between attacks and stress. For pericarditis, a doctor may recommend: To treat severe myocarditis and pericarditis symptoms, a doctor can refer a person for several surgical options, including: Another type of chest pain after COVID-19 is nonspecific chest pain. Because this is a relatively new and evolving clinical picture, there is still a lot to learn about how COVID-19 can cause pain, how long the pain could last, and how best to treat it. Second, some Covid-19 patients later might get pneumonia. 2) Post cardiovascular sequelae leading to myocarditis, percarditis or chronic pulmonary embolism. Doctors advise that it is dangerous to ignore any chest pain. Consult a doctor now! Both men and women may experience lymph node soreness in the armpit after a COVID-19 vaccine. Lowenstein CJ, Solomon SD. The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long COVID among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed Glucocorticoid injections for pain procedures and musculoskeletal pain may interfere with the potency and efficiency of COVID-19 vaccines. Musculoskeletal pain may occur three different ways: first, de novo musculoskeletal pain following COVID-19; second, exacerbation of preexisting musculoskeletal pain after COVID-19 infection; third, increasing musculoskeletal pain in non-infected individuals as a result of COVID-19-associated factors, e.g., lockdown, isolation, unreachable medical services [94]. Chest discomfort may sometimes be a sign of a potentially fatal ailment. People can develop a condition called reactive arthritis after COVID-19. 2016;157:13826. (2022). Areias AC, Costa F, Janela D, Molinos M, Moulder RG, Lains J, Scheer JK, Bento V, Yanamadala V, Correia FD. Always consult a specialist or your own doctor for more information. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.003. Nearly 21.7% of Post Covid recovery patients suffer from Chest pain, as per a recent study. The presence of sepsis, neuro-immune response to infection, painful neurological sequelae, e.g., stroke and multi-organ dysfunction, may worsen the situation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.08.013. Eur J Intern Med. The primary cause of chest discomfort will likely be treated by doctors. One week can be quite normal, but another one terrible. Nature. Anesthesia and Pain Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Anesthesia Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University and NCI, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, International Medical Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Anesthesia and Pain Management, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, You can also search for this author in https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000885. J R Soc Med. Pain Ther. Pain Report. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncnd/4.0/. WebMD Expert Blog 2021 WebMD, LLC. Kemp HI, Laycock H, Costello A, Brett SJ. Nightmare pain in my head broke my dream, and I felt like dying, but I just took pills and tried to sleep again. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the peripheral nervous system: implications for COVID-19 and pain. Pain medications may interact with the immune system or mask the signs or symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Medicina. 2022;163:122031. We know that COVID-19 can directly affect the nervous system, sometimes in profound ways, which can contribute to prolonged pain symptoms. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Costochondritis after a COVID-19 illness can affect anyone, but it seems to be much more prevalent in children. Instead, the chest muscles and muscles that are necessary for breathing become sore, causing . 2016;44:198895. Ask your health query to a doctor online? Long COVID-19 syndrome with the associated psychological and immune stresses may affect the underlying nervous system negatively, leading to worsening symptoms in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome, myofascial pain, and fibromyalgia [67, 92, 115]. Therefore, it is vital to seek a. General risk factors: it is clear that patients with chronic pain infected with COVID-19 sometimes experience exacerbation of their symptoms, which may be due to multiple factors including social threats, discontinuation of therapy, reduced access to treatments, or associated mental health problems and concerns about health outcomes [30, 31]. The potential contribution of psychosocial factors and mental health problems [25, 65]. Some common symptoms that occur alongside body aches are: pain in a specific part of the body. Health care systems worldwide are facing extraordinary challenges since the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022). Hello, everyone! [Persistent chest pain after resolution of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19)] [Persistent chest pain after resolution of coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19)] Semergen. COVID-19 may exacerbate preexisting pain or be associated with the appearance of new pain. 2022;15:172948. Delaying or stopping treatment for chronic pain patients will have negative consequences, including increases in pain, disability, and depression. Long COVID: The symptoms and tips for recovery. Other symptoms may include: fatigue muscle weakness palpitations breathlessness cough According to a 2021 study,. 2020;382(18):170820. The search strategy was restricted to articles that were published between January 2020 and January 2023. EJP. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Sex differences were not consistent among different reports. 2012;2:54352. Open Forum Infect Dis. Cureus. Accessed 31 Aug 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1755. There is an association between chronic pain comorbidities and psychiatric disorders with fibromyalgia [113]. Prakash S, Shah ND. Slider with three articles shown per slide. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/angina, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/angina-chest-pain, https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/angina-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatments, https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/clinical-spectrum/, https://www.heart.org/en/news/2022/08/22/covid-19-infection-poses-higher-risk-for-myocarditis-than-vaccines, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation/symptoms, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation/treatment, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation/types, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558958/#_NBK558958_pubdet_, https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1357.html, https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/coronavirus-and-your-health/long-covid, https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/pulseoximeter.html, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/angina/treatment/, https://academic.oup.com/ehjcr/article/5/3/ytab105/6184571, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7477961/, https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation. Int J Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.025. et al. Google Scholar. 2022;41(1):28996. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00418-x. Track Latest News and Election Results Coverage Live on NDTV.com and get news updates from India and around the world. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the modalities used to deliver electronic health interventions for chronic pain: systematic review with network meta-analysis. But the likelihood of developing this symptom is lower with COVID-19 vaccination due to the lower rates of infection and slightly lower risk of developing long COVID symptoms. The neurotrophism of COVID-19 infection could cause neurodegenerative problems with an inflammatory base [56, 57, 61]. Another study reported the prevalence of de novo post-COVID neuropathic pain in almost 25% of previously hospitalized COVID-19 survivors. However, fatigue and weakness can persist for a few months or longer, particularly among ICU patients. shivers or changes in body temperature. Angina requires a range of possible treatments depending on its severity. Post-COVID chronic pain is the result of the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors. Arca KN, Starling AJ. The initial symptoms of acute COVID-19 infection are mainly fever, dry cough or dyspnea, although pain has also been an early symptom such as sore throat, myalgia, low back pain, and headache [24, 28]. It is in no way a substitute for a qualified medical opinion. Patients who present with post-COVID persistent chest pain should be thoroughly investigated for pulmonary emboli. Evidence is promising that new tools such as telemedicine and mobile opioid treatment programs can help to provide ongoing services to chronic pain patients. Immunologic effects of opioids in the presence or absence of pain. Mikkelsen ME, Abramoff B. COVID-19: evaluation and management of adults with persistent symptoms following acute illness ("Long COVID"). The most common regional areas for arthralgia are the knee joint, ankle joint, and shoulder joint [12]. After the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, the post-covid symptoms last for more than 4 weeks. El-Tallawy SN, Titi MA, Ejaz AA, Abdulmomen A, Elmorshedy H, Aldammas F, Baaj J, Alharbi M, Alqatari A. Pain. Joseph V. Perglozzi: design, editing, revision of final draft. Telemedicine plays an important role in consulting physicians and health care providers without unnecessary exposure [9, 16]. Association between vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 infection and mortality. -not a doctor -not medical advice. Those patients require cardiac referral, proper evaluation, and urgent interventions in other cases [100]. Weve seen patients across the board, Altman said. Increased awareness by the pandemic, methods of infection control for the general populations. Considering the potential for an increase in chronic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic. 2022;377. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069676. Non-pharmacological treatments include invasive or noninvasive neuro-stimulation techniques [87, 88]. Expansion of the pain procedures that exclude steroids due to their immune-suppressant effects such as radiofrequency ablations, regenerative injections (e.g., platelets-rich plasma PRP, bone marrow extracts and stem cells injections). National Health Service (NHS, 2021): Symptoms lasting weeks or months after the infection has gone [11, 14]. 2021;10:181209. Opioids with lowest immunosuppressive characteristics may be reasonable options in such situations, e.g., buprenorphine is highly recommended while tramadol and oxycodone can be used as a second option [9, 48]. Circulation. Characteristics, symptom management and outcomes of 101 patients with COVID-19 referred for hospital palliative care. Long COVID or post-COVID conditions. Chronic pain in critical care survivors: a narrative review. Altman emphasized that younger people who are healthy are at lower risk of developing severe complications after COVID. This syndrome is characterized by a wide range of health problems including brain fog with cognitive disturbances, fatigue, dyspnea, myalgia and muscle weakness, depression, and persistent headaches [6]. Many patients come to me with similar complaints, especially after the second wave of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019), which hit our country a few months before Read full, Will there be difficulty in holding food and have pain above the belly button after COVID? Interrupted care due to isolations and closing many services such as physiotherapy & supportive services. COVID-19 is considered as a current trigger in some patients. Altman is also the clinical principal investigator of a study examining the effects of the SARS-COV-2 virus on the hearts of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Mohamed S. Nagiub: searching, study screening, editing. It can also occur because of pericarditis, in which inflammation develops in the hearts outer layer. The intensity of headache ranged between moderate and severe headache and involves the upper part of the head [27]. Also, the Medical Council of India along with National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) released Telemedicine Practice Guidelines enabling registered medical practitioners to provide healthcare using telemedicine [22]. Treatment-refractory headache in the setting of COVID-19 pneumonia: migraine or meningoencephalitis? Long COVID: there are different definitions with more or less similar meanings. These patients are at a higher risk of hospitalization, persistent illness and potentially death. Altman added that people with a preexisting heart condition heart failure and coronary artery disease, for example generally have a rough course of recovery from COVID-19 and can be at greater risk for lung disease, blood clots and heart attacks. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Because COVID-19 most often affects the lungs, lingering respiratory symptoms are not uncommon. Basically if everything is negative and you feel pain in your chest/rib cage especially with movement or when being touched it's likely to be costochondritis. According to preset criteria, a total of 58 articles were included in this review article. Vitamin D deficiency is pretty widespread and was made worse during the lockdowns. Since then, I have had these attacks of weakness and cannot work or often even take a walk. Some of these symptoms can last for 3 months or longer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10148. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in (2022). We use cookies to make interactions with our website easy and meaningful. 2020;21(7):131923. A total of 194 studies including 735,006 participants worldwide were included in the analysis. Published reports indicate that approximately 1020% of COVID-19 patients experience persistent long COVID symptoms from a few weeks to a few months following acute infection [5]. It often flares up during exercise, cold temperatures, large meals, or stressful situations. Martelletti P, Bentivegna E, Spuntarelli V, Luciani M. Long-COVID headache. Standardized definitions are important for the proper diagnosis and management of those patients. Chronic pain has a positive relationship to viral infection, psychological stress, and consequences of admission to the hospital or intensive care unit (ICU). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. I have suffered from some weakness attacks for many months. Temporary or lasting damage to heart tissue can be due to several factors: Lack of oxygen. 2020;7(10):87582. Covid-19 might be one of the reasons for chest pain if you are experiencing that. Pharmacological treatment in the form of prophylactic treatment for tension-type headache and this includes the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline is considered the drug of choice, followed by venlafaxine or mirtazapine [72]. NICE guidel; 2020:135. Some of these are people in their 20s and 30s who were perfectly healthy before COVID mountain bikers and hikers who are now completely debilitated. The social threats of COVID-19 for people with chronic pain. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-010-0879-1. The presence of neuropathic pain was associated with more anxiety, kinesiophobia, and the duration of post-COVID pain [82]. OMahoney LL, Routen A, Gillies C, et al. Costochondritis, a painful chest pain due to swelling of the cartilage that attaches to the sternum, is a rare post-COVID symptom that some children may experience. The affected patients complain of muscle pain, tenderness, fatigue, and weakness [43, 67, 110, 111]. Accessed: May 24, 2021: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/lowering-threshold. 2022;23:320. Simply put, Trying to avoid infection overall is preferable, Altman said. After 12 weeks of symptoms Kerstin's GP referred her to a long Covid clinic. The exact mechanisms causing post-COVID pain remain unclear. Its kind of a whole-body problem.. Persistent chest pain after recovery of COVID-19: microvascular disease-related angina? The most common are chest pain, abnormally high heart rates, heart palpitations, shortness of breath and difficulty doing the same exercises people were doing prior to having COVID, Altman said. This syndrome may impair a persons ability to perform daily activities and is associated with sleep disorders. Pain. 2005;29:S25-31. Treatment guidelines recommend simple analgesics (e.g., paracetamol) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as the first choice for acute treatment, followed by combination preparations that include caffeine. This program can be updated and used in hard times such as the pandemics to make treatment available and beneficial for such people during COVID as well as post-COVID era. Continuity of treatment with regular follow-up is essential for post-COVID chronic pain [9, 122]. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. 2020;19:82639. Pandemic-specific psychological and mental health burden [49,50,51,52]. 2020;21(1):94. 2022;34(2):7783. Therefore, the researchers believe vitamin D3 supplementation could be a valuable strategy for limiting the spread of COVID-19 infection and related death and racial differences in COVID-19 outcomes [132]. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, Chang J, Hong C, Zhou Y, Wang D, Miao X, Li Y, Hu B. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.
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