The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. BIBL 410 W EEKLY S TUDY Q UESTION 4 One Blood/Introduction to Abraham Answer thoroughly the following questions based on this module/week's Reading & Study material: 1. Volume 2 Kardunia. (Deuteronomy 4:19 NIV), Joshua said to all the people, This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Long ago your ancestors, including Terah the father of Abraham and Nahor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and worshiped other gods. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years 209-23. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 413, n. 22). Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. How Long In Prison? Bill T. Arnold. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. The fall of Babylon is reported by a number of ancient sources, including the Cyrus Cylinder, the Greek historian Herodotus, as well as a number of books in the Old Testament. There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. In time, a new dynasty emerged. 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. 160 f.; also > Kunu-; cf. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). 437-478, Malko, Helen. They date the fall of Babylon to ca. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. They acted along with palatial and temple ones (see Edens, 1994, pp. The Kassite kings were called, by themselves and their colleagues in other Near Eastern states, kings of the land of Kar(an)dunia, the latter being a term for Babylonia that may have been Kassite in origin (del Monte and Tischler, 1978, pp. [8][9] About 100 Kassite tablets were found at Dur-Kurigalzu. Volume 2 Kardunia. When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Study on the Synchronistic King List from Ashur. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. 8, 1966, pp. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. Museum, British. Thereafter, Kassite groups and individuals are recorded in northern Babylonia, especially around Sippar Yahrurum (see Zadok, 1987, pp. We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. "10. 39:1-45:5 - the most detailed account in the Old Testament of Babylon conquest of Jerusalem and its aftermath. 231-246, Brinkman, J. Following this event, his grandfather Aur-uballi invaded Babylonia to place Kurigalzu II (1327-03 BCE) on the throne. Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. . Updates? There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. The only Kassite deities who had temples in Kassite Babylonia were the patron deities of the royal family, uqamuna and umaliya. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. The Assyrians were great warriors. A Guide to Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. The Kassite and post-Kassite kings granted land to temples, members of the royal family, and functionaries. For a time in the early reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Assyria gained ascendancy, until the Elamites under Kidin-Hutran III intervened. Slavery was common, but not the dominant factor of the workforce. Among them were Abraham's Horites ancestors who descended from Kush, the grandson of the great Proto-Saharan ruler Noah. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( short chronology ). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [19], The ancient city of Nippur was a major focus for the Kassites. The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, were repulsed by Hammurabis son, but secured holdings within the Tigris-Euphrates valley on the northern frontiers of Babylonia and later established the second Babylonian dynasty. The world of the Bible is knowable. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. Schneider, Thomas (2003). The chariot and the horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. Aarhus Univ. (Non-dynastic usurpers17351701 BCE) 131 f.). The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . 417 f.). Given that their existence was before Joshua and the Canaan conquest, it is difficult to label these rebels as Hebrews specifically from Egypt. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. This form resembles the much later Greek name Kossaioii, Lat. R. Pientka, Die Sptaltbabylonische Zeit: Abieu bis Samsuditana: Quellen, Jahresdaten, Geschichte, 1, 2, Imgula 2, Mnster, 1998. Download Free PDF View PDF. Web. Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. Chr. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. Speiser View PDF Biblical history proper begins with the call to Abraham to leave his native country and set out for a destination that is to become the Promised Land. For the mineral, see, Brinkman, J. 233-42. W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. However, I dont think that Ahmose IIs stele tells the story. 165-74. J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. D. R. Frayne, Old Babylonian Period(2003-1595 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Moses' two brothers, Korah and Aaron, were Horite . document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bible Charts and Maps, PO Box 171053, Austin, TX 78717 Unique Circular Format see more in less space. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. v. A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. 850-98. The most advanced Bible dictionary as a part of Biblia Plus, which includes everything you need to take your Bible study to the next level. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. 2. 93, no. The office of the governor was secular, but he could also serve as the high priest of the Enlil temple (Ekur) of Nippur. In the 1st millennium the Kassites withdrew to the Zagros Mountains, where they opposed the eastward expansion of Assyrian power and paid tribute to Persia. 17385, Schneider, Bernhard. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Christ was an incarnation of Yah-Veh. It does not store any personal data. MacGinnis, J. Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1990. 106, no. 1-14. Kraus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Studia Francisci Scholten memoriae dicata 5, Leiden, 1982, pp. 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. The canal Habur-ibal-buga (see Balkan, 1954, p. 104) is recorded in a document from Terqa which is dated to King Hammurapih (perhaps 16th century BCE, i.e., at the beginning of the Middle Babylonian period; see Podany, 2002, pp. The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. AbydosDynasty Buried History, 51, 57-60. They ruled for over 400 years. 41, no. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B. C.: The Documentary Evidence. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. It's . 38, no. 7 f.) maintains that (1) the real owner of the country was the king, who granted land, and at least at the beginning of the Kassite period there was no land tenure outside of crown grant; (2) persons holding landed property had to perform certain duties to the king; exemption was possible only by royal decree. The Chaldeans in the Bible The Chaldeans may be best known from the Bible. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. (Gen. 3:15) It is from the Horite priesthood that the priesthood of Israel developed. "uqamuna und u/imalija." Literature that falls in the category of mythical will not be covered even though there is a large amount of biblical and Akkadian literature that refers to the same events, such as creation and flood events. Ghent, 1998. 91-113. 11-15). The state sector, namely, the royal family, bureaucrats, priests, artisans, and attached labor (dependents and slaves of the palaces and temples), seems to have been the dominant one in the economy of Kassite Babylonia. 59, no. Many of the kings were popular rulers who became allies with other city-states within the region. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". Hittite, member of an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce; by 1340 bce they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. ; De Smet, 1990; De Graef, 1998, pp. 49, no. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. Later rule shifted to the new city of Dur-Kurigalzu. What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? [3] We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Mesopotamian History and These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . However, the river is only 175 . The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. The landed property was only partially in the hands of Kassites. ; Nashef, 1982, pp. how much did lawrence welk band members make; walmart distribution center pedricktown, nj 08067; smoked coffee beans on pellet smoker; power xl air fryer turn off beeping The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 44 f., 59). Louvre Museum, reference AO 22355, (Shamshi-Adad dynasty18081736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Edens 1994, p. 213), the Kassite rulers reconstructed old cities in various parts of the country. 221-223, Marcus, Michelle I. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. kassites in the bible. The first Kassite dynast who ruled Babylonia was Burnaburia I, the tenth king of the Babylonian King List (Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 467), but the possibility that his predecessor, Agum-kakrime (Agum II), already controlled Babylon cannot be excluded (see Podany, 2002, p. 59). Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that this may be just an accident of documentation. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. It has also been suggested that the first element in Kudur-Enlil's name is derived from Elamite but that is disputed.[49][50]. As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. A. 1, pp. Armstrong, James A. XVI, Fasc. G. Dosch and K. Deller, Die Familie Kizzuk - sieben Kassitengenerationen in Temtena und uriniwe, in M. A. Morrison, and D. I. Owen, eds., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians in Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on his 75th Birthday, Winona Lake, 1981, pp. The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypts enemies. Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source. 24 f., 33 f., 38 f., 45, 54, 57, 66 f., 68 ff., 82 ff., 92 ff.). Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. 14151155 BCE." The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). 15-26. J. The Kassites: An ancient Near Eastern people, the Kassites ruled Babylonia from from 1531 BC to 1155 BC after the fall of the First Babylonian Empire. Volume 1 Kardunia. "Ur:" The Kassite Period and the Period of the Assyrian Kings"." Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. Idem, The Representation of Foreigners in Neo- and Late-Babylonian Legal Documents (Eighth-Second Centuries B.C.E. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Did Jesus or The New Testament Authors Quote from The Apocryphal Books? The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243 - 1207 B.C.) (2012). During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Kassite Peri Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 - 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. 1-19. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone ( kudurru ), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. [53] Kassite pottery deposits have been found as far away as Al Khor Island in the Persian Gulf area. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. It was in the area between this Havilah and Shur that Saul defeated the Amalekites and captured Agag, their king (I Sam. The third people group is thought be Israel. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. B. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. 1750-1650 BC), and next an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1650 BC. A stele (monument) from Egypt, dating back to 1208 BCE is the firs known inscription mentioning the nation of Israel. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. The Early Kassite Period". While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. 55, No. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. Kassite period. About 200 additional lexical elements can be gained by the analysis of the more numerous anthroponyms, toponyms, theonyms, and horse names used by the Kassites (see Balkan, 1954, passim; Jaritz, 1957 is to be used with caution). Kassite. MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. Balkan, 1954, p. 109). Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". One of its many anthropological and theological implications is that Genesis 10 and 11 are historically accurate. Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. A.. "The Names of the Last Eight Kings of the Kassite Dynasty" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. 45-92, Pinches, T. G. The Question of the Kassite Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1907, pp.