A trail of blood followed his path through the kitchen and bedroom, into his room where he died grasping his bedpost. Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. As I approached her bedside, a wave of fear spread throughout my body. Travis head was taken to a state lab to be examined as the investigation of the attack continued. What did you do?. Travis, in many ways, was like their child. Some allege that the killer whale dragged her into the pool by her arm, others believe she fell in, and some say she was pulled by her pony tail. In either case, Charla Nash arrived at the Herold home around 3:40 p.m. Travis was in the front yard. 3 of 5 4 of 5 FILE - This undated file photo provided by the Nash family via Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, shows Charla Nash of Stamford, Conn., prior to being mauled by a Chimpanzee in . He was taken from his mother, Suzy, when he was 3 days old and was sold to Jerome and Sandra Herold for $50,000. Nash, 57, said in a statement she's Travis secured his fate when he began attacking the officers who were struggling to separate him from Charla Nash. For the rest of the day, he showed no interest in the things that he typically enjoyed. Its brought my sister to a better quality of life. Travis The Chimp was born at whats now called the Missouri Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Festus, Missouri, on Oct. 21, 1995. In late May, she underwent a full face and double hand Asked by Today what she would say to the donors family, transplant in Boston. When they arrived, the chimp tried to get into the police car, but the door was locked. Hes killing my girlfriend.. NFL Combine 40-Yard Dash: Who Had the Fastest Time in 2023? Shockingly, Traviss motherSuzy the chimpanzeewas killed similarly after she and two others escaped the compound for a sightseeing trip around their neighborhood. Darnell stabbed the reptile until he was able to pry it off and called 9-1-1. New face of chimpanzee attack victim revealed (warning: graphic content), AP Photo/Brigham and Womens Hospital, Lightchaser Photography, Lawmakers want to strip 19 cities' rights but Tucson is real target, Celebrity Las Vegas chefs opening Tucson restaurant, A bunch of photos of today's snow across Tucson , The highly anticipated Portillo's is now open in Tucson, 'Attainable' apartments coming to northwest Tucson, A big ol' guide to this weekend's Tucson Festival of Books, Watch: The most notable things Tommy Lloyd said after Arizona's heartbreaking loss to ASU, New game, entertainment center makes southwest Tucson a bigger draw, South Tucson motel sold to soup kitchen for housing, Tim Steller's column: Converting Tucson's big boxes, vast parking lots into housing tantalizes, 100 fun events happening in Tucson this March 2023 , Tucson lawmaker loses first bid to dump cities' rights, 'Extreme weather' closes parts of Interstates 17, 40 in Arizona, Nebraska cheerleader competes by herself at state competition, but crowd doesn't let her feel alone, Alex Murdaugh sentenced to life in prison for murders of wife, son, Actor Tom Sizemore's family deciding end of life matters, what to know from the student loan hearing, and more top news, Disgraced lawyer Alex Murdaugh found guilty of murder in 2021 shootings of his wife, son, Justice Department: Trump can be sued by Capitol police, lawmakers for Jan. 6 actions, Recapping Christopher Clements' trial in Tucson, Removal of golf course saguaros stirs controversy. This undated file photo provided by the Nash family via Brigham Today also reported that Nash was able to eat eggs with cream and Women's Hospital in Boston, shows Charla Nash of Stamford, Our stupid snake got out in the middle of the night and strangled the baby!The couple were later charged with manslaughter by culpable negligence. Hurry! This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. The animal, named Travis, ripped Connection. A Swedish zookeeper, who was not identified by name, was attacked by a pack of eight wolves she had raised since they were pups. has really given my mom the hope to move forward, a chance at a Charla opened. She had to get her entire face transplanted. Shooting Investigation Underway in New Haven, Hartford Hospital's Transplant Team Saves Lives Every Day, NBC & Telemundo Connecticut Job Opportunities. He became something of a local celebrity, going everywhere with the couple and often accompanying them to work. What Stephen Hawking Thinks Threatens Humankind The Most, 27 Raw Images Of When Punk Ruled New York, Join The All That's Interesting Weekly Dispatch. Dont think about the past and what has happened, she offered as advice. In this episode we explore one such case. The pictures of Charla Nash were first shown on NBCs Today Somehow, Charla Nash survived this agonizing event, though after seeing her appearance, it is safe to say that most people in her position would rather be dead. After reading about Travis the Chimp, learn about the elephant that trampled a woman to death in India, then attacked her funeral. On Feb. 16, 2009, Charla Nash visited the home of her longtime friend, Sandra Herold, like shed done many times before. Nash was scraping by on odd jobs, doing yard work, cleaning horse stalls. Travis had destroyed and ate several pieces of her upper body and face during the attack. Chimpanzee attacks on people are thankfully, very rare. Her hands, eyelids, nose and lips were torn from her body. Rangers found remains of Treadwell and Huegenard torn apart and partially consumed by the bear. Somehow, Charla Nash was still alive. Perhaps, like many humans who take Xanax, Travis was suffering hallucinations when he attacked Charla Nash. The horror was captured in a 911 call, Don't miss a thing! It's hard to know what is more chilling about Sandra Herold's 911 call - hearing her helpless sobbing as she reveals her pet chimp is "eating" her friend's face, or the ape's frenzied screams in the background. By the time. A spokesman for the hospital said Nash had made good progress considering the surgeries shed undergone within 72 hours. Herold asked her to come and help her corral her "son," a 14-year-old chimpanzee named Travis, back into her house. Predatory instincts cant be fully suppressed through captivity or extensive familiarization with humans. In February 2009, Travis and his owner Sandra Herold gained international notoriety after he suddenly attacked Herold's friend Charla Nash and grievously mauled her, blinding her while severing her nose, ears, and both hands, and severely lacerating her face. South Carolina lawyer Alex Murdaugh has been sentenced to life without parole in the fatal shootings of his wife, son. In February 2010, in what is called a rare case among animal attacks, an experienced trainer was killed by whale at Sea World in Orlando, Florida. Herold, a 70-year-old woman, tried to stop Travis by hitting him on the head with a shovel and stabbing him with a butcher knife. In 2000, the Herolds only child was killed in a car accident. When police arrived, Travis was in a frenzy of bloodlust. Something went wrong, please try again later. The community couldnt understand how a docile and loveable chimp like Travis had assaulted Nash to within inches of her life. Despite a makeshift tripwire system at the partys camp, Seventeen year old Horatio Chapple was dragged from his tent and mauled to death by a polar bear in one of the craziest animal attacks. Struggling to get therapy for the depression and anxiety caused by shooting Travis, Officer Frank Chiafaris experience led to a 2010 bill that called for mental health care to be covered for police officers who were forced to kill an animal. The toxicology report revealed that Travis had been given Xanax the day of the attack, as Sandra had told police. Here she would get the name Charlie, which she later changed to Charla. She replied: Would I have done it again? MediaNews Group/Boston Herald via Getty ImagesCharla Nashs new face, post-surgery. She also has only a top row of teeth and doctors are sister has maintained a positive outlook since the mauling, and the The simultaneous face and hand surgery had only been performed once before, and the patient later died. Charla Nash, the Connecticut woman who suffered horrific injures after being mauled by a friend's chimpanzee, is back in the hospital after physicians found her body is rejecting tissue from. NSFW. The chimp tore off her hands and face. Carla said: I can feed myself, but then again, the food has to be cut in front of me. Travis behavior had become increasingly erratic, and the attack left Nash severely disfigured and Travis dead. When police arrived, they found Travis stalking the area, covered in blood. updated April 5, 2021, 3:34 am, by You have permission to edit this article. Herold took her friend to the salon before they left just in case, she joked, two eligible bachelors happened to appear. 4.2M views 2 years ago In 2009, Oprah sat down with Charla Nash, the Connecticut woman whose face was disfigured after she was violently attacked by her friend's pet chimpanzee. She lost her nose, eyes, lips and hands but, until now, all updates on her condition have come through her family and attorneys. Travis The Chimp was something of a local celebrity in the 1990s. Trapped by the aggressive animal, Chiafari had no choice but to fire four fatal gunshots in close proximity. Although he had grown up in the home alongside humans from the time he was only three days old and was a beloved member of the community, he had been having fits of erratic behavior for several years. They got to shoot him! The two formed a close, bonded friendship that would span thirty years. But Nash and Herold reconnected shortly after Jerrys death, and whats more, Herold offered Nash and her daughter a rent-free loft apartment that had belonged to her late daughter. However, Coatss statement was refuted by several neighbors claiming that Suzy was already sedated and posed no harm to Jason. They're the closest thing to humans to us. Festival shooters family worried he was a victim in the attack - Story KTVU - httpwww.ktvu.comnewsktvu-local-newsfestival-shooter-s-family-worried-he-was-a-victim-in-the-attack (1) Noticias Ya All Markets Travis the chimp was a local celebrity, who ate in restaurants and used the toilet. Travis attack on Charla Nash sparked a long road of discussion over the ownership of exotic pets one that continues today as animal advocates and sellers publicly battle over right and wrong. Ive been doing this a long time and have never seen anything this dramatic on a living patient,Capt. Eventually Travis succeeds. Nash has aides who prepare her food, which she consumes using a prosthetic hand. Public DomainCharla Nash and Travis the Chimp, years before the attack when he was still a baby. loved ones. November 11, 2009, 7:58 AM May 10, 2010 -- Charla Nash, the Connecticut woman whose face and hands were destroyed by a chimpanzee, may yet be a candidate for a face and hand transplant, even though doctors initially told her she was not eligible for the lengthy and dangerous surgeries. It was at this point one officer shot Travis at close range. How many people go crazy and kill other people? Fifteen months later Sandy died from an aneurysm. Nash was mauled by a chimpanzee in Most of the surgeries are aesthetic and serves no functional purposes besides a hint of normalcy in appearance. The pair ate all their meals together, bathed together, and slept together every night. Her new face was revealed 184. He stated. Oprah Winfrey's heart and creative instincts inform the brand -- and the magnetism of the channel.Winfrey provides leadership in programming and attracts superstar talent to join her in primetime, building a global community of like-minded viewers and leading that community to connect on social media and beyond. by However, on this day, Charla arrived sporting a new hairstyle, and when Travis didnt recognize her, she tried to coo him by holding a stuffed animal in front of her face. Jason Darnell, Shaiunnas stepfather, discovered the child the next morning with Gypsy still wrapped around her head. Stephanie Siegel wrote Nash had learned to text using one thumb. Frantically, Herold dialed 911. In May 2016, Stephanie Siegel wrote onTODAY: I had seen the photos of her face or what was left of it post attack, but nothing quite prepares you for what you see and feel in person. elephant that trampled a woman to death in India. Emergency workers had trouble gaining access and local papers reported that staff was forced to sedate the wolves to remove her body. His mum was shot with a tranquiliser dart so that he could be stolen away - and from that moment on, he was no longer a chimpanzee, but Sandra's 'son'. I have to tell you, its one of those stories about the resilience of the human spirit that makes us all take a look a different look at our lives.. The only survivor of that hideous day is Charla Nash, who now lives in darkness, wearing someone else's face and entirely dependent on the staff at the care home where she will spend the rest of her days. Tatiana was still clinging to one of the other injured victims near the caf. The female worked for Kolmarden Zoo and colleagues reported that she always followed standard zoo safety procedures. !In this video, we see the unthinkable when Travis. It was the first time she's been seen in public without her bandages or the veil she uses to cover her face. Kiran Bisht When Travis attacked Nash, Herald was unable to fight him off with a knife and called the police.In a recording of the 9-1-1 call, Herald can be heard screaming, Hes eating her!. In an attempt to lure him back into the house, Nash held out his favorite toy a Tickle Me . They sprung into action, and managed to save her life. The following are some of the most tragic examples of animals acting according to their nature. updated February 21, 2020, 7:21 pm, by Sandra Herold had recently suffered a pair of tragedies. Experts in the field stated that killer whales and other predators are innately aggressive. In the words of police chief Brody from Jaws, if you want to go fishing in croc-infested waters, youre gonna need a bigger boat!. However, wolves are sophisticated predators who are more likely to launch an unprovoked attack when habituated. Seeing what she experiences daily just to live and survive the rest of us have no cause for complaint., I would say that if anyone gets in this situation, dont think about the past and what has happened,Charla said. They ABC News (NY) - Charla Nash, victim of chimp attack (Nov 11, 2009) 546 views Oct 31, 2021 9 Dislike Share Save Description As Close to Crime 10.8K subscribers Because you can see Oprah's 2009. Hueguenard tried to fend it off with a frying pan but was driven away. Please! this week. This is definitely the most unique case the hospital has seen in quite some time.. On February 16, 2009, tragedy struck when Travis the Chimp, a chimpanzee who had gained national celebrity over the years, viciously attacked his owners close friend, Charla Nash. Where are they?. NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) -- Charla Nash, the Stamford woman who was attacked and disfigured two years ago in a chimpanzee attack, went public with her new face Thursday for the first time since her . shes hoping to attempt another double hand transplant one day. She has always been an independent woman, although now she is completely blind and needs continual help. Associated Press/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Lightchaser PhotographyUndated photos provided Thursday, Aug. 11, 2011 by Brigham and Women's Hospital show chimpanzee attack victim Charla Nash . Once Travis did break free from his victim, he aimed his rage towards the officers themselves. I gave it my all and know my participation in the study will still be beneficial. It wasn't working, so I went and I had to get a knife and I stabbed him. The surgery allowed Nash to become more independent as she could now feed herself. Travis began having fits of erratic behavior just before Jerome died. looking forward to doing things she once took for granted, In February of 2009, the 55 year old was in the cage of a two-hundred pound pet chimpanzee named Travis. Find professional Charla Nash videos and stock footage available for license in film, television, advertising and corporate uses. Three days after the attack, in critical condition, she was flown from Stamford to the Cleveland Clinic where she would undergo 15 months of intervention. It feels like "patches of tape or gauze" are covering her face and she doesn't remember anything from the animal's attack, she said. In his documentary Grizzly Man, Warner Herzog suggests the same bear Treadwell captured footage of a few hours before his death maybe have been the one that killed him. And endless possibilities.Discover OWN TV:Find OWN on your TV! Charla Nash lost virtually her entire face and required extensive surgery following Traviss vicious attack. The department's position that Trump is not immune from suit was laid out in a filing before a federal appeals court. She said she wasnt in any sort of pain and was looking forward to returning home. Sandra called 911, saying: Hes killing my friend. Not only did the two-hundred-pound chimpanzee have a weight advantage, but these creatures are on average four to seven times stronger than a human of equal weight. Travis was exempted from the rule because the Herolds had him for so long. Suzy was later killed after she escaped from the sanctuary. Travis still waits for him especially at supper time, because at that time they both had a glass of wine with their supper, Herold wrote in a letter to a chimpanzee sanctuary owner in Florida, nearly a year after Jerrys death. Nash was left with no eyes and only a small opening where her Depth with edge. OWN is a singular destination on cable. Star power. The family was on a fishing trip and were moored in a calm billabong in their boat. Perhaps the saving grace in Nashs story if there is to be one is that she doesnt remember the attack, over a decade later. I will be able to Paramedic Rick Esteben had arrived on the scene and later said. God! Her mother called the police and begged them to rush to the scene but it was too late. He did not have any diseases, though he was on medication for Lyme disease prevention. They assumed that Charla, who was a mass of bloodied flesh with no recognisable facial features slumped in a pool of her own blood, was dead - until she moved. But it could also have been that at the age of 14, the 200lb (14st) ape's instincts had simply become too strong - or that he was simply sick of his unnatural lifestlye of cooking his own microwave meals, drinking wine at dinner, and using the toilet like a human. As always you can unsubscribe at any time. The attack left her with devastating injuries that included the loss of her hands, nose, and eyesight. ", Copyright 2023 NBCUniversal Media, LLC. She received skin, underlying muscles, blood It was the third full face transplant in the Mum, help!. Four other people were injured by the bear before it was shot dead with a rifle. Her jaw was entirely dislocated from her skull and she was left with brain damage. When paramedics arrived on the scene they were unable to decipher the victim's gender due to the severity of the wounds. Scott Orstad, a spokesperson for the Stamford Hospital, toldThe New York Timesthat Nashs injuries were so extensive and horrific that the hospital staff needed therapy to cope. Producers featured Travis in several commercials and hes even appeared on the Maury Povich Show. Inside the vehicle was Frank Chiafari, a police officer whod played with Travis as the chimp grew up. Katmai National Park is home to roughly 3000 Native American Brown bears and Treadwell filmed close-up encounters with several of them in the days before his death. In an exclusive interview with Meredith Vieira, chimp attack survivor Charla Nash discusses a recent setback when her body began rejecting her transplanted face after doctors tried weaning her off anti-rejection drugs. Subscribe to TODAY: http://on.today.com/SubscribeToTODAY Watch the latest from TODAY: http://bit.ly/LatestTODAYAbout: TODAY brings you the latest headlines and expert tips on money, health and parenting. family hopes she can get the double hand transplant in about six Using sheer force, Travis began trying to rip the doors off of the police cruiser, hoping to join the terrified police officers inside. He ran back in to the house, and collapsed dead on his special bed, leaving a trail of blood behind him. WARNING: Graphic content. In. Please!, Nearly incomprehensible with panic, she told the dispatch officer, He he ripped her face off Hes eating her!. complications that developed when Nash caught pneumonia. Getty Images offers exclusive rights-ready and premium royalty-free analog, HD, and 4K video of the highest quality. Charla doesnt remember the attack, which has aided her psychological recovery. The only non-fatal animal attack to make it on the list, Charla Nashs stomach-churning injuries have become famous. !In this video, we see the unthinkable when Travis. Humans have a way of romanticizing animals (think Free Willy, and Mighty Joe Young), but we sometimes forget that getting too close can be risky. show chimpanzee attack victim Charla Nash after the attack and off Nashs nose, lips, eyelids and hands before being shot to death My chimpanzee! Check out these 10 very disturbing animal attacks. Charla Nash was savagely mauled by her friend's pet chimpanzee Credit: AP:Associated Press Horrific pictures reveal what can happen when chimps attack - with some being pets which turned on their owners, zoo animals which went rogue, or even random attacks in the wild. In an attempt to lure him back into the house, Nash held out his favorite toy a Tickle Me Elmo doll. Never give up.. Yes! Hurry up! Sign up to the Daily Star's newsletter. He opened one of their patrol car's doors and lunged at an officer. I cant. Hes eating her! updated April 14, 2021, 1:53 am, by The spokesperson said Charlas family was considering a face transplant. One February weekend in 2009, Sandra Herold and Charla Nash embarked on a rare outing, going to the Mohegan Sun Casino in Montville, Connecticut. Hes killing my friend! she screamed. Travis was familiar to Nash, so she didn't expect the chimp to inflict life-changing injuries on her. The incident was captured on camera by his crew, but was destroyed by Queensland Police to respect Irwin familys privacy. The victims were all young men from San Jose: Seventeen year old Carlos Sousa and two brothers: Amritpal Dhaliwal and Kulbir Dhaliwal. According to witnesses he fought aggressively but was overpowered. which went berserk after its owner asked Nash to help lure it back Nash It was a horrible thing. Despite this, he refused to carry bear spray or weapons. When Charla Nash responded to a call from her friend Sandra Herold in February 2009, she had no idea that her life would change forever. The optical illusion will leave you stumped as it's asking people to spot the ghost hiding inside the room. Bill Scott was killed one of the most disturbing animal attacks by a four and a half meter long saltwater crocodile in the Northern Territory, Australia in June of 2014. It was at a horse auction she met her friend Sandra Herold. Shaiunna was bitten on her head and torso and strangled. 5.5M views 6 years ago In an exclusive interview with Meredith Vieira, chimp attack survivor Charla Nash discusses a recent setback when her body began rejecting her transplanted face after. Travis seemed agitated on the day of the assault, so Herold gave him tea with Xanax to calm him down. Surgeons had reattached her jaw, but Charla looked unrecognizable. The Pentagon offers grants to various medical facilities through its hand and face transplantation program. Viewers got their first glimpse of chimp attack victim Charla Nash on Wednesday -- and the pictures are disturbing. 0:00 - Intro 0:55 - Sandra's Past 6:06 - Travis' First Altercation 10:43 - Sandra Reconnects with Charla Nash13:06 - The Attack14:13 - The 9-1-1 Phone Call16:03 - Aftermath Charla, a friend of Travis' 'mom' Sandra, had been asked to pop over to help put the pampered ape in his enclosure - but, uncharacteristically, he snapped, attacking her and gnawing off her face and hands. Raised alongside humans, Travis paid close attention to the directions the Herolds gave him. One witness stated that he saw the bear rear up and slam itself down on Horatio. NEW YORK (CBS/AP) On Wednesday, Charla Nash revealed her gravely disfigured face on "The Oprah Winfrey Show," appearing on television for the first time since she sustained major injuries in a. Basically, he murdered her for no reason. In the case that it does, I can reach out for psychological help, but knock on wood, I dont have any nightmares or remembrance.. On Feb. 16, 2009, she was visiting the duo when Travis escaped the house with Herolds car keys. After they saved her life and successfully reattached her jaw, she was flown to Ohio for an experimental facial transplant. Nash, whos now living in a Boston-area nursing home, was Luckily, there were no officers inside when he does, and Travis becomes trapped. Public DomainTravis was taken from his mother, Suzy, three days after his birth in Festus, Missouri. He could do many things that humans could do, including drawing and drinking from a cup. Astonishingly, his victim, Charla Nash, survived, but you could argue that in many ways, her life too came to an abrupt end that day. Somehow, Charla Nash was still alive. Shoot him, Shoot him! During this phone call Moskalyova screamed, Mum, the bear is eating me! The chimp was also taking medication for Lyme disease, a condition that sometimes causes psychosis and severe anxiety. Travis was familiar to Nash, so she didnt expect the chimp to inflict life-changing injuries on her. She now lives in a nursing home outside of Boston. Travis returned after a while and started attacking the officers. Specialist_Sink8996 5 days ago. Travis and the Herolds had many good years together, but soon tragedy struck and Travis struggled to understand. Charla Nash The only non-fatal animal attack to make it on the list, Charla Nash's stomach-churning injuries have become famous. Shes preparing the best she can to be a blind Irwin initially thought it was a just a punctured lung but crew members quickly realized his injuries were serious. The gunshots are heard in the background of Sandra's breathless 911 call. Please! Charla Nash also took care of Herolds lawn and looked in on Travis, who had by this time become morbidly obese, spending most of his time snacking, watching TV, playing on the computer, and roaming the house which had become a mess of unworn clothes stuffed into plastic bags and bins. By then, attorneys for the former friends were embroiled in a $50 million lawsuit, which was settled for $4 million in 2012. Charla Nash, daughter Briana Nash, brother Steve Nash, Meredith Vieira and NBC producer Stephanie Siegel in November, 2011. In 2009, Oprah sat down with Charla Nash, the Connecticut woman whose face was disfigured after she was violently attacked by her friend's pet chimpanzee. underwent a face transplant in May, 2011. The brutal attack had caused her to lose half of her blood and she would later undergo a face transplant. He shows his teeth, a snarl, and I see blood. I see his fangs. : http://bit.ly/1wJ0ugIOur Fantastic Lineup: http://bit.ly/1qMi2jEConnect with OWN Online:Visit the OWN WEBSITE: http://bit.ly/1qMi2jELike OWN on FACEBOOK: http://on.fb.me/1AXYujpFollow OWN on TWITTER: http://bit.ly/1sJin8YFollow OWN on INSTAGRAM: http://bit.ly/LnqzMzFollow OWN on PINTEREST: http://bit.ly/2dvfPeN The Woman Who Was Mauled By a 200-Pound Chimp | The Oprah Winfrey Show | Oprah Winfrey Networkhttp://www.youtube.com/user/OWN Bits of Nashs body littered the yard flesh, fingers, and nearly half her bodys blood. He's eating her face! Nash said Still, he didnt stop. Nash, 56, was disfigured in February when Travis, her friend's 200-pound chimp . Wildlife authorities also said the snake was not properly secured and not registered as a required by state law. updated August 6, 2019, 9:03 pm, by Family members tried calling out but minutes later his body floated to the surface. She hit him with a shovel before resorting to stabbing Travis in the back with a knife. I will be able to smell. into her house in Stamford, Conn. I cant Hes eating her! He ripped her apart! Most animal attacks occur due to humans encroaching on the animals territory, as a result of provocation, or simply reckless human behavior. When they do occur however, they are normally extremely brutal. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Im just happy I had the chance to help. It was a freak thing.. The sudden loss not only sent her into a severe depression but their pet chimp, Travis, as well. When the tiger leaped over the fence and pounced on Sousa, the brothers ran to a nearby caf.