0 views, 0 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Love Cute Monkey9: Oh Lord Help.Monkey Mom Trying Kill Her Baby Monkey The reason why monkeys kidnap other baby monkeys, is that many female monkeys are interested in new-born babies. "Bystanders affect the outcome of temper tantrums quite significantly," says Semple. A monkey snatched and killed a month-old baby as he was being breastfed in Tanzania. Two Monkey Harmful on Baby Alba : https://youtu.be/tJ23R-k2QfQ. This story has been shared 174,787 times. In January, a group of monkeys killed a 2-month-old in Baghpat, India, by drowning him in a water tank. Curious about how monkey onlookers respond to these tantrums, primatologist Stuart Semple of Roehampton University in London and colleagues followed a wild troop of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, an island off the coast of Puerto Rico. Locals ran after the. Officials found her young baby still holding on to her. Start your day with heartwarming and hilarious animal stories that will make you fall in love. They come in search of food, but they snatch and attack as well.. The researches also found that mothers more often smacked their lips at their infants, a gesture that. The baby was rushed to a nearby hospital where he died from his injuries, The Citizen reported. She screamed for help and villagers rushed to her house to assist her in getting her child identified as Luhaiba Said back from the troop of monkeys.. ). And yet not only do animals sometimes fail to protect the young of their species they often kill them themselves. The 400-pound lion can be seen sinking its teeth into its prey as the baby monkey clutches on. This item requires the Flash plug-in (version 8 or higher). But while this little baby ended up in much better hands than the thousands of young animals who are sold into the wildlife trade each year under similar circumstances, he still won't be where he belongs: with his mother. These monkeys would have Darwin scratching his head. Most read in US News 'HE PLAYED ME' DARK PAST InMalaysia, the primates are known to patrol the streets of Kuala Lumper in search of victims they can mug. The baby, who was severely mauled, died of his injuries at a hospital. Luckily, the poacher who orphaned this monkey was arrested. The best thing you can do to stop this trade is avoid any tourist attractions that feature performing animals. Shayima Saidbegan screaming in terror as the monkeys made off with little Luhaiba in Mwamgongovillage. Mom Fight Her Baby Monkey Until Die - YouTube 0:00 / 9:53 This Is Heartbreaking ! All rights reserved. The vervet monkey in South Luangwa National Park, Zambia, refused to let go of its parent even after the predator had pounced. An international team of researchers led by primatologist Laurence Culot of the University of Lige, in Belgium, ventured into the Amazonian lowlands of Peru to observe four troops of wild mustached tamarins to determine what distinguishes the babies that survive infancy from the ones that don't. It turns out that's just what happens in one rhesus macaque society. Monkey Forest, Ubud, Bali, Indonesia, Asia. One of the monkeys held the child in its hands and villagers rushed to help. This story has been shared 156,203 times. Meanwhile, on Wednesday, 58-year-old Bhoomi Devi was killed when monkeys attacked her when she had gone out of her house at Thok Mohalla, The Telegraph India reported. "Mothers with PPD mother less," Hagen wrote in his paper. Why would a mother want to kill her offspring? When they eventually got the child back from the monkeys, he was injured on the neck and head. Save the Children, the charity that flagged the issue, put this down to an ongoing drought in the country. The reason for the disparity, says Semple, is that high-ranking monkeys are 35 times more likely to kick, bite, and shove mothers and babies when a child is having a tantrum than when it is well-behaved. I have lost my grandson, Devi said. But even in death, his mother was a source of comfort and love. This story has been shared 174,787 times. The monkeys killed 250 dogs in their war agai. Dont yet have access? And when mothers are the perps, they are often facing some of the same kinds of pressures as the tamarins: uncertain resources (read: money) and an absent or unreliable male. There must be plenty of males to do the protecting and provisioning, and there can't be too many other females with babies of their own that also require attention. But things could be worse. AAAS is a partner of HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef and COUNTER. Science and AAAS are working tirelessly to provide credible, evidence-based information on the latest scientific research and policy, with extensive free coverage of the pandemic. Hendri said: As a safari guide, Ive seen many cruel wildlife encounters, but this tops them all by far. Humans recoil at such stark genetic number crunching, but while infanticide among our species is socially and criminally proscribed, it does happen and far too often. We've received your submission. 2019 TIME USA, LLC. Wake up to the day's most important news. Click here to get The Sun newspaper delivered for FREE for the next six weeks. A baby boy was killed by a gang of monkeys who snatched him from his mom while she was breastfeeding him. There are too many monkeys in the area, the babys uncle Dhirendra Kumar told the BBC. Better to cut their losses, bag the babies and wait for a better season to breed. But now, for the first time, a Tonkean macaque has been observed eating her mummified baby. Not realizing she was gone - or perhaps not wanting to say goodbye - the little infant clung to her lifeless body, burying . He said: "Nature is not always pretty and this picture definitely shows us the harsh reality of life. The 12-day-old infant was in his mother's arms inside their home in the city of Agra when the rhesus macaques suddenly barged in and grabbed the baby, the BBC reported. It's typically committed by males that take over a pride or pack and kill whatever babies are present to make room for the ones they plan to father. Infanticide is disturbingly common in nature. The one-month-old was with his mum outside the family home in a village in Tanzania when . Thanks for contacting us. It's not nearly as common for parents to. He revealed that similar incidents were not uncommon in villages such as Mwamgongo which are close to Gombe National Park. A monkey snatched and killed a month-old baby as he was being breastfed in Tanzania. Horrible Mother Monkey Will Kill her Baby Monkey if. At the time of the killing, there were fewer than three helper males in the group, and another female was just a month away from giving birth to her own babies. They used force to free the child. Only one female mustached tamarin can successfully reproduce in each group. Luhaiba was eventually freed but sadly died in hospital later while being treated for his injuries, the police commander added. The mother had been feeding her child outside when the monkeys invaded her house. But this study is the first to show that a mother will alter her interactions with her baby based on who's around, he says. Many of these are mothers, targeted only so their young babies can be plucked from their grasp and sold into the exotic wildlife trade. In some cases, a baby would fall from a tree and receive only indifferent care when it hit the ground which suggested that the mother either dropped it deliberately or wasn't much concerned when it fell accidentally. Unfortunately, this tiny monkey isn't alone. Gestation is long about 150 days and they usually have twins, and those twins are usually big. For 4 months, Semple's team observed the interactions among 11 females, their young infants, and other members of the troop. The village borders a nature reserve known for its chimpanzees. "They do it basically because they are annoyed by the sound." So when hostile monkeys are around, mothers cave to tantrums to reduce the risk . You can WhatsApp us on 07423 720 250. It comes after a photographer captured a similar scene where a baby monkey clung to its mother as a lion ate her. It comes after a photographer captured a similar scene where a baby monkey clung to its mother as a lion ate her. The child was with his mother outside their house when a troop of monkeys invaded the house and took him, said the officer. 316 Likes, TikTok video from ANIMALS_TOP_MOMENTS (@animals_top_moments): "Mother Monkey wants to kill her baby #animals #animal #animalsoftiktok #tiktokanimals #animaltiktok #animalworld #wildanimals #monkey #monkeys #monkeysoftiktok #babymonkey #poormonkey #animalplanet #wildlife #wildnature #wild". Son says he killed 'alcoholic' cop father after dad punche Canadian teacher with size-Z prosthetic breasts placed on paid leave, What's next for Buster Murdaugh after dad's murder conviction, life sentence, Murdaugh son collapsed outside court after sitting stone-faced through dad's 6-week murder trial: source, Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore dead at 61 after brain aneurysm, How Ariana Madix discovered Tom Sandoval was cheating on her with Raquel Leviss, Raquel Leviss, Tom Sandoval affair allegedly pre-dated Tom Schwartz hookup, Max Scherzer's first look at the new pitch clock, Chris Rock Jokes About Watching Emancipation to See Will Smith Getting Whipped In Advance of Netflix Special: Report, Kellyanne Conway and George Conway to divorce. The baby received fatal wounds to his head and neck, according to sub-inspector Atbir Singh. She was rushed to a hospital, but could not be saved. Newsweek has contacted Kigoma Regional Police for a comment. Updated: 15:32, 15 Oct 2021 THIS is the heartbreaking moment a baby monkey clung onto its dead mum as her lifeless body hung from a lion's mouth. Earlier this year, horror footage emerged showing the moment a toddler wassnatched by a monkeyand dragged away by her hair as she played outside on her scooter. Rescued Animals Melt Into This Woman's Arms When She Sings To Them. This story has been shared 157,724 times. On the move, the mother monkey still refused to let go. Daniela Nearly Pass Away By DeeDee Drag Tail : https://youtu.be/m_p8VvANWDc. Hendri Venter, 60, caught the moment in South Africa's Zimanga Private Game Reserve. Clearly, depressed or unsupported mothers have options tamarins don't, and in our species at least, nothing excuses willful neglect, never mind murder. Crime and Weird News editor, The Huffington Post. Our baby didnt have to die. (See the top 10 evil animals.). When a mother-to-be was the only gestating female in a group, the baby she gave birth to had an 80% chance of surviving at least three months. Mother Monkey Attacks 250 Dogs to Revenge Her Baby in India - Blondi FoksIn India, monkeys started war on dogs. original sound - ANIMALS_TOP_MOMENTS. They will try to groom the new-born, try to touch the baby or ultimately kidnap the baby from the mother. For my channel is such a great education to learn!1 - Time for monkeys wake upMonkeys usually wake up in the early morning around 5:30 PM - 6:30 PM, and it depend on the weather if the weather has rain or gloominess, so all monkeys wake up longer than normal. But fortunately, she was saved by the actions of a keen-eyed bystander who rescued the child from the clutches of the animal before it could take her any further. Mom Fight Her Baby Monkey Until Die Eam Sovannakgold 279K subscribers Subscribe 2.2M views 2 years. It's the nightmare of every parent: your child throws a tantrum in a crowded supermarket because you won't buy his or her favorite candy. Anthropologist Edward Hagen of the University of California at Santa Barbara, who conducted the work, looked at all of the things his sample group of PPD mothers had in common and was able to rule out some of the obvious variables, such as unemployment or lack of education. This happens a lot between high ranking female monkeys, and low-ranking mothers and their babies. Elon Musk: 'Is TikTok destroying civilization' with 'next Canadian teacher with size-Z prosthetic breasts placed on paid leave, What's next for Buster Murdaugh after dad's murder conviction, life sentence, Murdaugh son collapsed outside court after sitting stone-faced through dad's 6-week murder trial: source, Saving Private Ryan actor Tom Sizemore dead at 61 after brain aneurysm, How Ariana Madix discovered Tom Sandoval was cheating on her with Raquel Leviss, Raquel Leviss, Tom Sandoval affair allegedly pre-dated Tom Schwartz hookup, Max Scherzer's first look at the new pitch clock, Kellyanne Conway and George Conway to divorce. Jessica Mayhew, associate professor and director of the primate behavior and ecology program at Central Washington University, told Newsweek at the time, that this type of behavior is "uncommon," and knowing the context of such an incident is critical. Daniela `s Mother Look Very Bad : https://youtu.be/h_Jz4IvwkYA. We've received your submission. The 400-pound lion can be seen sinking its teeth into its prey as the baby monkey holds on in the hopes of surviving. The mother rhesus macaque was shot and killed by a poacher in Thailand last June, and a wildlife official caught the poacher red-handed. There have also been reports recently that monkeys in Eastern Ethiopia are attacking children in local communities. Hendri Venter, 60, caught the moment in South Africa's Zimanga Private Game Reserve. It appeared to have been attacked by an adult male because moments later they saw the infant's mother and another female chase a monkey away. Life and death play out in all of our lives. The man kept the monkey chained to a tree and suffered severe bite wounds one morning when he approached the captive animal. A baby boy was killed by a gang of monkeys who snatched him from his mom while she was breastfeeding him. The mother of the baby is too distraught to even speak.. animal planet ,lion kill monkey,Crocodile attack poor baby monkey,amazing animal attak GRAPHIC MATERIAL CONTENT WARNING: Driver loses control of vehicle, crashes into female pedestrian carrying a baby. When there were two or more pregnancies, that forecast plunged to just 20%. In the space of less than a minute, the lion had both caught and devoured the unfortunate mother whilst another lion from the pride snatched and ate the baby. Get more great content like this delivered right to you! ), (Watch a video about langurs being trained in India. Help News from Science publish trustworthy, high-impact stories about research and the people who shape it. "They do it basically because they are annoyed by the sound." Professor Nishikawa explains how she saw the baby monkey fall from a tree, either dead or severely injured. JavaScript must also be enabled in your browser. Infants only survive when the whole group works together. The researchers found that 75 percent of infants survive when at least three males are helping, but only 41.7 per cent survive if the group has one or two male helpers, according to the Daily Mail. "To have a sustainable environment, animals need to die for others to survive.". ", The explanation for such pitiless behavior is as cold as it is unavoidable: tamarin mothers are simply very good at balancing their genetic ledgers and know when they're heading for a loss. The one-month-old was with his mom outside the family home in a village in Tanzania. Part of HuffPost Environment. THIS is the tragic moment a defenceless baby monkey clung to its dead mum as her lifeless body was clamped in a leopard's jaw. 5. . 3 - In the eveningThe king monkey leads his group go to bed usually around 6:30 PM - 7:00 PM if the weather is not raining. But when highly aggressive macaques--those with a history of violence and those higher than the mother in the group's pecking order--were near, mothers gave in 82% of the time. Dear my all beloved subscriber and viewers, How are you today?Today Cam Kingdom wound like to show you about: Million pity mother monkey killing her baby so cruel,baby crying so hurt request alive.After three years I have been filmed many monkeys for their daily life, so I got many experiences from them, and I wound like to share with viewers and people around the world about how monkeys live for their nature because it looks very similar with human. Mwamgongo village, located in the western part of Tanzania, shares the border with Gombe National Park, a nature reserve well known for its chimpanzee families. "One of the lion's younger brothers also wanted a piece and eventually got hold of the baby which he then killed and ate." 5. Earliest evidence of horseback riding found in eastern cowboys, Funding woes force 500 Women Scientists to scale back operations, Lawmakers offer contrasting views on how to compete with China in science, U.K. scientists hope to regain access to EU grants after Northern Ireland deal, Astronomers stumble in diplomatic push to protect the night sky, Satellites spoiling more and more Hubble images, Pablo Neruda was poisoned to death, a new forensic report suggests, Europes well-preserved bog bodies surrender their secrets, Teens leukemia goes into remission after experimental gene-editing therapy. The data they collected made those differences immediately clear. We pay for videos too. Horrible Mother Monkey Will Kill her Baby Monkey if Not Embedded listening she - YouTube 0:00 / 10:52 Very infamous! Subscribe to News from Science for full access to breaking news and analysis on research and science policy. Incidents of monkeys snatching children however, while not unheard of, remain rare. The overwhelming share of mothers in such situations do nothing so heinous as killing their babies, but one provocative 1999 study argued that postpartum depression (PPD) is an adaptive strategy to achieve the same genetic culling by different means. If we've learned anything from the COVID-19 pandemic, it's that we cannot wait for a crisis to respond. The reason for the disparity, says Semple, is that high-ranking monkeys are 35 times more likely to kick, bite, and shove mothers and babies when a child is having a tantrum than when it is well-behaved. The 400-pound lion can be seen sinking its teeth into its prey as the baby monkey clutches on. The mother screamed for help, James Manyama, Kigoma Regional Police Commander, told The Citizen. We live in fear. A wealth of longitudinal and observational data have proposed the following main rationales behind why monkeys bite their babies: Playact To Discipline or Encourage Baby's Independence Maternal Protectiveness Social Deprivation or Captivity Genetic relatedness or proximity to abusive parents Environmental stress 1. His world changed in the blink of an eye. Thank you for your value time for watching my videos! Rhesus monkey babies cry when they want to nurse. Mother macaques and their infants spent more time gazing at each other than at other monkeys. It is rare for female monkeys to kill babies, and . The online news site found a YouTube playlist called 'Kill baby monkeys' containing . During extreme weather events, monkeys will become more desperate for water, forcing them to venture into neighborhoods and snatch resources away from people. The little macaque tilted its head and showed no sign of life. Big monkey strangled baby monkey very strong/Wild Monkey Wild Monkey 83.1K subscribers Subscribe 952K views 4 years ago So pity baby! The deaths are the latest in a string of monkey attacks in the city, which is also home to the Taj Mahal and an estimated 25,000 monkeys. These primates "have a cooperative baby care system, in which all the members of the group participate." Nature as wonderful and incredible as it can be can also be frightful, even bordering on atrocious but this is the reality of it. Its never easy., 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, The helpless monkey clings to its dead mum as a leopards eats her, The amazing pic was taken in South Luangwa National Park, Zambia. A BABY boy was killed by a gang of monkeys who snatched him from his mum while she was breastfeeding him. Not realizing she was gone - or perhaps not wanting to say goodbye - the little infant clung to her lifeless body, burying himself in her fur and nestling up to her to sleep. It's that last one that seems the most primally encoded, and for good reason: it's hardly possible to pass on your genes if your babies die before they're old enough to have offspring of their own. Please download the latest version of the free Flash plug-in. The leap of leopards, led by a female known as Olimba, then killed the defenceless youngster. When a mom doesn't give in to her baby's demands, it risks being smacked and bitten by its fellow monkeys. Repeatedly, he found that the two things that correlated the most strongly were the health of the infant and the amount of child-care support the mother was getting. Its never easy.. So when hostile monkeys are around, mothers cave to tantrums to reduce the risk of harm. Their depression informs them "that they have suffered a reproductive cost and that successfully motivates them to reduce that cost." The video shows the mama monkey holding its baby by the legs and suspending the upper part of its body underwater and then splashing water over its body. Villagers managed to track down the monkeys and tried to free Luhaiba from them during the June 18 horror incident. While the stealing of baby monkeys is not very prevalent, it is quite typical that males who takeover a troop kill the remaining babies. Horrible Mother Monkey Will Kill her Baby Monkey if Not Embedded listening she ''Please subscribe and turn on notification for get new videos everyday.Help like and share our videos to your friends if you likePlease subscribe me nowhttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4Rak5HTX_eyQhvnw9c09WA*************************************************************************************** Most viewed . This story has been shared 157,724 times. Photographer and safari guide Hendri Venter, 60, captured the brutal moment at South Africa's Zimanga Private Game Reserve. "Births must be spaced by three months or more," the authors wrote, "in order to allow efficient helping behavior." Mother primates are also known to carry around their dead babies for some time after death, although it is not known whether the behaviour is motivated by grief or lack of awareness of the baby's death. He turned around and I instantly noticed the monkey. A stock photo shows a chimpanzee baring its teeth. Facebook/Hatsanai Sremalai. These photos capture the heartbreak of poaching in the quiet few moments after a mother monkey's death. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. The one-month-old was with his mom outside the family home in a village inTanzaniawhen the horror unfolded around 3 p.m., police said. I was on a game drive with guests following a pride of seven lions when I noticed one of the males chasing something into the shrub," Hendri recalled. A 12-day-old baby in India was snatched from his mother's arms and killed by a monkey in search of food, the latest attack in what's becoming an increasing primate problem in certain areas. I quickly grabbed the camera. We may be the highest of the primates, but we remain members of that sometimes brutish club, and our lower cousins still do have plenty to teach us. For any species hoping to survive in the wild, the lifetime to-do list is agreeably brief: eat, mate, defend your turf and, above all, protect your young. The monkey bit the infants head and only dropped him when people chased it with sticks and threw stones at it, Ajay Kaushal, the officer in charge at the nearby police station, told Reuters. Hendri captured the horrifying images from just 65-foot away from the feeding lions. All rights reserved. Manyama told The Citizen that as the village shares a border with Gombe National Park "incidents of animals invading villages are not uncommon.". When there were at least three assisting males in the troop, the researchers found, the survival rate for infants was an impressive 75%; when there were two or fewer males, the number fell to 42%. Mom monkeys feed milk to their baby on the tree when baby hungry or need milk. In one especially gruesome case, the mother killed her baby with a bite to the head, then devoured its brain and part of its upper body a quick protein hit that she then went to sleep off. (See pictures of the primate species facing extinction. If the weather is raining, so monkeys go to sleep faster than normal. Viral video: Baby monkey cries beside mother's corpse after speeding vehicle kills her, netizens heartbroken Since being shared, the upsetting video has surpassed over 4 lakh views It definitely stirs up emotions seeing a helpless baby cling on to the lifeless body of its mother when there is nothing you can do to help. People will talk about it for a while and then forget it. Nature as wonderful and incredible as it can be can also be frightful, even bordering on atrocious but this is the reality of it. 2 - Lunch timeMonkeys take a rest after lunch and go to stay on the tree by following their king. In another image, a second lion attempts to join in on the action sending the baby monkey tumbling off its mother before meeting its gruesome end. You are also agreeing to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Newborn baby snatched by monkey is found dead at bottom of well Singh added that another baby. The infant's mother was reportedly . The babys grandmother Pushpa Devi told the station the family would never recover from the sudden, shocking loss. It is not clear what types of monkeys snatched the child. That question lies at the center of a study published in the journal Primates that looks at mother mustached tamarins. As a safari guide, Ive seen many cruel wildlife encounters, but this tops them all by far, Hendri said. Your tax-deductible contribution plays a critical role in sustaining this effort. It's not nearly as common for parents to behave murderously toward their own babies, and it's much rarer still for a mother to be the attacker especially among primates. (See pictures of the primate species facing extinction.). 2023 NYP Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved, B&M fans stunned as store reduces plants to just 1 cent, Im a bra fitter and always see women putting theirs on wrong, Im fat and people ask if my fit husband is a paid actor, I was conned by my husband 10 months after we married. Contact with wild monkeys especially under conditions where animals are highly stressed - also can lead to cross-species transmission of various infectious microorganisms . When the villagers came it was too late because the baby was already in the hands of monkeys and when they tried to take him back by force he got injured on the head and the neck, said Manyama. All monkeys sleep on the tree, and they never sleep on the ground at night. And unlike mothers in the marmoset, meerkat and social-carnivore species who kill the competing females' offspring, the tamarins killed their own. Whether a baby got its way depended on who was around when it threw its tantrum. Monkeys are everywhere in Agra, local environmental activist Shravan Kumar Singh told Reuters, adding that the animals have become more aggressive after being displaced from their natural habitats. Lesson to Monkey Mothers: Don't Ignore Tantrums. Wed, Mar 01, 2023 . Tragic photos show a baby monkey clinging onto the body of its dead mother A leopard killed the vervet monkey at South Luangwa National Park in Zambia Refusing to let its mother go, the. The 12-day-old infant was in his mothers arms inside their home in the city of Agra when the rhesus macaques suddenly barged in and grabbed the baby,the BBC reported. The accident happened this evening along Poor Baby Monkey Crocodile attack baboon, poor baby monkey killed Attack crocodile vs deer 3:20 "Villagers rushed to her house to assist her in getting her childidentified as Luhaiba Saidback from the troop of monkeys," Manyama said. Heartbreaking video shows baby monkey clinging to its dead mother's body after she was killed by motorcycle accident The tragic scene was spotted in Nakhon Nayok in central Thailand A baby. Thanks to all for supporting my channel \" Public Monkey \" ******************************************************************************I want to show '' Very infamous! By entering your email and clicking Sign Up, you're agreeing to let us send you customized marketing messages about us and our advertising partners. (The heat Hagen took for a study that put so unsettling a spin on a psychological condition for which mothers themselves are not to blame discouraged him from pursuing the line of inquiry much further.). DeeDee Attack Poor Baby Daniela : https://youtu.be/CW6kEtE-qqc. These babies are almost always destined for sad, short lives in circuses and zoos, in research labs or as privatepets. Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters. Mother tamarins do not have an easy job. shot and killed by a poacher in Thailand last June, make a donation to Wildlife Friends Foundation Thailand, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Some of the deaths that resulted from bad spacing or inadequate helpers were accidental or from unknown causes. Email us at exclusive@the-sun.co.uk or call 02077824104. (Watch a video about langurs being trained in India.). Why Do These Monkey Mothers Kill Their Babies? Shayima Said had been feeding her child outside when the troop of monkeys invaded her house in the Mwamgongo village in Kigoma, on June 18, Tanzania news outlet The Citizen reported.
Tatler 100 Most Eligible Bachelorettes,
Articles M