In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Signs, 19(3), 713738. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. There are many different types of data presentation. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. (DOC) Discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. From class actions to Miss Saigon. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Multicultural citizenship. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. The Limits of Descriptive Representation Current Affairs A table lists data in columns. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Olsen, J. P. (2013). Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Grofman, B. The rise of the unelected. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Pros and Cons List Template | Miro I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . The affirmative action controversy. Feminizing politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. While It is an Efficient Form of Government. 1. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. In each case, we find that in a given Congress, legislators are around 6-9 percentage points more likely to contact federal agencies on behalf of constituents with whom they share background char-acteristics, when compared to their nonveteran, male, or white . Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. You might also like. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. Tannen, D. (1994). Pros and Cons of Data Visualization Explained | WisdomPlexus Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. States of democracy: A gender perspective. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Toggle navigation. 1. . London: Routledge. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Cornell, D. (1995). The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. 17 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental Research - ConnectUS You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Nimantran Patra In Marathi For Birthday, Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Get full access to this article. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. 1938). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . Citing Literature. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. (2005a). Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. Sawer, M. (2002). 1. New York: Oxford University Press. Horizontal Communication (pp. Vibert, F. (2007). Berkeley: University of California Press. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. All names, acronyms, logos and trademarks displayed on this website are those of their respective owners. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizing Data With She went to law school after being denied admission to medical school because of her gender. 3. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. . The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Descriptive Research | A Systematic Search Method The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Substantive Representation Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. Democracy and disagreement. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. Evidence from Romania. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics: Key Differences Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? 4. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. - 136.243.94.45. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. References. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. New York: Free Press. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Women and Public Policy Program | Harvard Kennedy School Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. This helps to avoid wastage of time. On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. Though the theory was that crime was around certain citys and remained stable within certain areas despite changes in the populations where certain people lived in the community. Your email address will not be published. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. both quantitative and qualitative research. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. Inclusion and democracy. 3. Quantitativist. (1999). Guinier, L. (1994). Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Representatives. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. The pros of mixed-member proportional representation Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. 2. Young, I. M. (1994). Poli 220 Mid Term II Review Flashcards | Quizlet The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli).
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