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/F4 24 0 R -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous /Contents 42 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? /ExtGState << The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] << /Type /Page Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. /StructParents 8 /Type /Font -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. /Parent 2 0 R 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /StructParents 11 /Type /Group /CS /DeviceRGB 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. /Group << doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. /K [20 0 R] /Type /StructTreeRoot 29 0 obj . This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. >> endobj >> variability, when the category is. -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. 48 . 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R What does WEIRD refer to? /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) Please sign in to share these flashcards. /GS8 28 0 R /Annots [51 0 R] -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /Type /Group -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. /Tabs /S /F4 24 0 R things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . economic zones to fisheries. (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. /Subtype /Type1 /LastChar 116 Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R /Group << >> self-interest), BUT even in ideal circumstances, people are not very careful scientists & still make errors, people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts, MOTIVATED TACTICIAN: people have multiple cognitive strategiesavailable, from which they choose on the basis of personal goals,motives, and needs, e.g. In par-ticular, this need . << Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . membership. >> A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. Which is viewed as more heterogeneous? >> What is the "door-in-the-face" technique? /CS /DeviceRGB schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work -Examples: sports events. Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? >> >> /ExtGState << What is an internal versus an external attribution? Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. >> Naive scientist b. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. 1) time - short of time = use cog. Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . /Tabs /S Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 . -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /F6 26 0 R /FirstChar 32 /Macrosheet /Part A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. /Font << Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /Chart /Sect [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R /Type /Group Olivier . [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Creator (alibabadownload.com) (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. /Contents 43 0 R << Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /CS /DeviceRGB [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. /ModDate (D:20160705122909+07'00') -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) What is the dual process model of persuasion? /Endnote /Note /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) /Resources << Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. /Widths [278] 2 0 obj<>stream /Font << partner, friend, parent, celebrities), Role schema: knowledge structures about role occupants(e.g. 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R What is what? According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? 22 0 obj /Type /Group based on similarity. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. 500 0 0 389 278] /F3 23 0 R /S /Transparency >> -Becoming less pervasive /F2 22 0 R Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. /Font << /S /Transparency /BaseFont /Arial << -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. << Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. When can it enhance social behavior? /Group << Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? -Self-justification: justifying destructive behaviors The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". What are its three components of prejudice? 28 0 obj /FontDescriptor 364 0 R -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R System 2 may also have no clue to the error. >> << 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. Pennycook . /Pages 2 0 R Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. /Type /Font ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /Parent 2 0 R What is the probability that he will be a good president?" ]"&4v /CS /DeviceRGB Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. Activated actor c. Cognitive miser d. Motivated tactician 11. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Font /Tabs /S AS such, categorization provides /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] << /Name /F1 /Length 2864 24 0 obj The brain in your pocket: evidence that smartphones are used to supplant thinking . /Parent 2 0 R >> 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] The nave scientist Pioneering social psychologist Fritz Heider wanted to build a basic theory of the social mind, and to do that he aimed to establish the fundamental guiding principles that drive social behaviour. -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /Encoding /Identity-H traits associated with the stereotype. -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. /Name /F2 They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." /Marked true The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". endobj [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. /S /Transparency >> Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /F3 23 0 R