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In the Northeast, however, the estimated decreases in life expectancy in 2020 are smaller than in the North. J. Mol. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. X.iieS(,& Estimates are presented by sex and state, and we measured and compared changes across states and in femalemale gaps in life expectancy. Chazovachii, P. T., Somers, M., Alfaro, J., McNeil, A. J. Life Cycle Assess. Created a powerful network of specialist vendors Key qualities and experiences: Project delivery of complicated, multi stream, long-term projects from inception to BAU Business process optimization. Combined, these data indicate that open-loop recycling of the superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) to synthesize PSAs is both energetically and environmentally favorable compared to petroleum-derived syntheses in our assessment. From an energetic standpoint, the CED is reduced by 18.8% and 18.6% with the sonication scenarios, and further reduced (by 24.8%) in the scenario without sonication. Governors in that region imposed the most rigorous measures of physical distancing, in direct opposition to recommendations from the President14. Silveira, M. F. et al. Overall, the viscoelastic properties of the synthesized PSAs suggest they would be useful for applications such as removable general-purpose adhesives, including tapes, bandages, and sticky notes. BMJ Open 11, e042934 (2021). 4 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01437-z. Preston, S., Heuveline, P. & Guillot, M. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000). Cite this article. e65 declined by a larger percentage for males than females in all states, reflecting mens higher risks of dying from COVID-19 (ref. However, in the presence of COVID-19, this assumption might not hold because deaths were unevenly distributed over the year. Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma (I) and JavaScript. Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 spread in Brazil. Baqui, P., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A. J. Life cycle assessments (LCA) were performed to assess the cumulative energetic and environmental impacts of producing 1kg of adhesive via our open-loop recycling method. The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). California, United States. )x"VzdHd&Ffb7kR KK i$M{;* af082!yvy!U"D)|Nei^*|C$Q,Ss$e*jX^/17E`i{dTS7EphB/jd- . Lancet Glob. This result suggests that most crosslinks had been hydrolyzed within 15h (Supplementary Fig. Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA, Marcia C. Castro,Susie Gurzenda&Sun Kim, Demography Department, Cedeplar, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, You can also search for this author in Moriguchi, T. & Arita, Y. produced all visualization. Abbasi, J. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Clean. Nuzzo, J. Jan 2021- Apr 20214 months Calgary, Alberta, Canada ENCI 693 - Project Engineering Management was a industry-led course for the graduate students majoring in Project Management at the Department. T.A., S.G. and S.K. To compute the total persons-years lived for 2020, we added the monthly contributions. Instead, we envisioned a 23 step method from crosslinked sodium polyacrylate: (i) acid-catalyzed or base-mediated decrosslinking to generate linear polymers, (ii) optional sonication to lower the molar mass, and (iii) functionalizing via esterification to generate tack (Fig. ADS 5)49,50. Larger relative femalemale gaps were estimated for e65an increase of 16.3% in 2020 in Brazil and a 107% increase in 2020 in Amap. Rev. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in 19, 36923706 (2017). <> Science 371, 288292 (2021). The Guardian. 34, 189200 (1991). In the first 4 months of 2021, COVID-19 deaths represented 107% of the total 2020 figures. Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. Google Scholar. Bars, organized by major regions, show changes for the states. Buss, L. F. et al. . Semin. The actual death toll is likely to be higher due to deficient surveillance, limited testing that prevented proper diagnosis, issues of compliance with protocols for reporting a suspected COVID-19 death and location of the death (for example, at home)1,2. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT Nature & Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP) LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance 19 , 2021 Moreover, the route involving just decrosslinking and esterification (i.e., no sonication) has the potential to be industrially scalable, providing a sustainable solution to a longstanding waste problem. Second, we used deaths from all causes by age, sex, cause of death and state of residence provided by the Mortality Information System from the Ministry of Health for 2019 (n=1,345,543) and 2020 (n=1,541,556). CAS M.C.C. PubMed Central c, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in e0 and e65 in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state. SAP GUI Scripting Security Guide. We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais; RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. Usually, the mid-year population is a good approximation of person-years lived during the year. Before COVID-19, e0 in Brazil lagged behind many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas. The highest absolute and relative decline among states was estimated for Amazonas (3.46 years), followed by Amap (3.18 years) and Par (2.71 years), all in the North region. Part B 52, 873896 (2013). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Over the last decades, the completeness of death registration has improved steadily in Brazil43, and data completeness is likely to be similar for 2019 and 2020. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 8, 1450414510 (2020). Upgrading of postconsumer absorbent hygiene products for bioethanol production. Sci. It was here that Sam, my husband, turned to me and said, 'This could . Barberia, L. G. & Gmez, E. J. 109, 57555798 (2009). Caruso, M. M. et al. Genomics and epidemiology of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Here, chemical transformations are used to convert waste polymers into other value-added materials, delaying their entry into the waste stream. 4d). 3a). Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. For the base case scenario (absence of COVID-19), we used mortality rates reported in 2019, which we treated as cause-deleted life tables (that is, there were no deaths from COVID-19 in 2019), and applied these to the population at risk to obtain expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19. The corresponding VW for each adhesive is the rectangular region bounded by these four moduli. & Garenne, M. The 1918 influenza epidemics effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States. H2SO4 with heating (Fig. We used several data sources to estimate the changes in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19 by state and sex in Brazil. is supported by the National Institute on Aging (grant no. We calculate three sets of estimates of life expectancy decline but argue that those based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020, which include all reported deaths in those 2 years, are the most defensible because they do not depend on accurate classification of cause of death, determination of whether the death was directly or indirectly due to COVID-19 or assumptions about independence among causes. As of 25 May 2021, 20 of the 27 capital cities have intensive care unit occupancy above 80% (half of those above 90%)20. M.C.C. To obtain J. Environ. May 1998 - Jan 20012 years 9 months. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Estimates of period mortality rates require an estimate of the population exposed to the risk of dying. PubMed Central XWPH.c0vyT0GA&AEO_18Py7%ZN&d"h%I.[Al} xlTBbp~VXaUL|y17 Both methods resulted in larger estimates of life expectancy decline compared to the difference between 2019 and 2020 period life tables (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2): for example, for Brazil (both sexes), the decline in e0 was estimated at 1.92 years (DT20) and 1.67 years (DT19) versus 1.31 years (difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables). Molecules 23, 2870 (2018). Google Scholar. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . Plastics and the Environment. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Ultrason. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. J. Environ. Also, the states with extreme values changed only for e65 for both sexes, with the lowest shifting from Roraima in 2019 to Amazonas in 2020. Carvalho, C. A., Viola, P. C. A. F. & Sperandio, N. How is Brazil facing the crisis of food and nutrition security during the COVID-19 pandemic? Arena, U., Ardolino, F. & Gregorio, F. D. Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products. Tang, H., Luan, Y., Yang, L. & Sun, H. A perspective on reversibility in controlled polymerization systems: recent progress and new opportunities. 9, 407418 (2021). ISPRA Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale The authors thank Procter and Gamble (P&G) for supporting this work, as well as Ryan Hayes and Jonah Vilseck for assisting with simulations, Edwin Zishiri for assisting with synthesis, Gary Gilbertson, Bill Begley, and Yiping Sun for performing SEC on the PSAs, and Prof. Brian Love for his intellectual contributions. The transformation relies on an (i) acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, (ii) optional chain-shortening via sonication, and (iii) a highly efficient esterification driven by hydrophobicity. 3 0 obj Brazil continues to face a challenging situation. "Environment" area. Prod. Catal. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, 2020). S2). We offer five reasons as to why. endobj From April to December 2020, an emergency basic income program mitigated the challenges imposed by the pandemic37 (for example, unemployment), but this benefit ended in December 2020. J. Macromol. 32, 290299 (2016). What it lacks is leadership commitment to save lives. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l'ambiente, il clima e l'energia. d, Number of COVID-19 deaths in 2020 per 100,000 people by state (Methods).