Androulakis-Korakakis P, Gentil P, Fisher JP, Steele J. J Strength Cond Res. For the shoulder abduction and adduction movements, participants also grasped the handgrip with their forearm in a neutral position with their elbow in slight flexion (35). The upper extremities (U/E) become the propulsive segments for manual wheelchair mobility among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Together these joints can change the position of the glenoid fossa, relative to the chest wall. Several muscles can abduct the shoulder. Zhao KD, Van Straaten, M.G., Cloud, B.A., Morrow, M.M., An, K-N., & Ludewig, P.M. Scapulothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics during daily tasks in users of manual wheelchairs. In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens. Hes earned an MA in Sport Management from the University of San Francisco, an MS in Exercise Science from the California University of Pennsylvania, and several certifications from NASM and NSCA. A Dissertation in Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: For a broader topic focus, try this customizable quiz. Thus, the strongest subjects in the reference angle subgroup, where the peak torque was systematically observed, were not necessarily the strongest over the entire range of motion. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? (2018). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 21(4), 450-462.Fees, M., Decker T., Snyder-Mackler, L., Axe ,MJ. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The .gov means its official. Chapter 17: Shoudler Pain. Internalrotation (90) - external rotation (90), Internal rotation (90) - Externalrotation (90). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. what is spanish colonial music? Rather, the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the movement requirements and recommendations for the average fitness enthusiast to maximize safety and performance. Gellman H, Sie I, Waters RL . [4][5] Proper alignment of the glenohumeral head is important for the healthy engagement of the shoulder joint in activities of daily living. the agonist is the muscle that contracts to make movement and the antagonist is the muscle that relaxes to allow movement so it all depends on the sporting action for example striking the. If a person has a history of shoulder impairment or displays limited range of motion through the upper extremities, it will be best to perform the bench press exercise with relatively light loads with an elbow-in position, or avoid altogether until shoulder stability and mobility impairments are corrected (Fees et al., 1998). Pectoralis minor length was significantly shorter among the powerlifters (6.1 1.9 vs. 4.2 1.4; p = 0.005); however, there was no statistical difference in thoracic kyphosis (37.7 9.4 vs. 39.1 10.9; p = 0.722), pelvic tilt (10.6 3.6 vs. 11.3 3.7; p = 0.622), or lumbar lordosis (25.0 7.6 vs. 23.0 8.4; p = 0.500) angles. This further supports the need to consider joint position (angle) when assessing strength ratios. SHOULDER - Horizontal Flexion (Antagonist), SHOULDER - Horizontal Extension (Agonist), SHOULDER - Horizontal Extension (Antagonist), Adductor Brevis Clavicle: clavicle is long bone has convex medial two third and concave lateral one third. Lukasiewicz A. C. MP, Michener L., Pratt N., & Sennett B. . Semitendinosus The prime flexors of the glenohumeral joint are the deltoid (anterior fibers) and pectoralis major (clavicular fibers) muscles. The second is the inferior capsular aspect, this is the point where the capsule is the weakest. Upper limb function in persons with long-term paraplegia and implications for independence: part I. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 211218. [29][30][31], Mechanoreceptors are characterized by their specialized nerve endings that are sensitive to the mechanical deformations of tissues,[32][33][34] and therefore contribute to the modulation of motor responses of the adjacent muscles. Which of the following statements about water is false? [9][10], As illustrated by the force-vectors of their respected moment arms, the RC tendons collectively have been accredited with the compression of the humeral head within the glenoid fossa during movements. flexion, horizontal adduction, & internal rotation Middle fibers: abduction . ment of muscle imbalances in either the upper or lower extremity which might also influence posture. > Grasp the barbell with an opposing thumb grip (thumbs wraps around the bar) with your hands shoulder-width or slightly wider than shoulder-width apart. For the correlations between the peak torque and the angle subgroup's mean torque, they are also presented in Table 3 and 4. Effect of Grip Width on the Myoelectric Activity of the Prime Movers in the Bench Press. It has been shown in the literature that performing the bench press with the elbows flared out to the sides and/or using a wide grip is best for activating the pectoralis muscles, particularly the sternoclavicular portion of the pectoralis major, the largest portion of the chest (Lehman, 2015). Its a technique used to increase intraabdominal pressure and may enable a person to lift heavier loads. Other experts recommend a position in which the elbows are close to the body, especially for those who have a history of shoulder pain or injury. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(5), 529-535. doi:10.1080/02640411003628022Tillaar, R., & Ettema, G. (2013). For those new to exercise it is important to take a slow and progressive approach to the bench press. Shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes. Who is Jason crabb mother and where is she? Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. Balance and stabilization capability of paraplegic wheelchair athletes. Muscles of the shoulder work in team to produce highly coordinated motion. Yuiko Matsuura, Naoto Matsunaga, Koji Kaneoka, Hitoshi Shitara, Tsuyoshi Tajika, Hirotaka Chikuda, Foad Seidi, Mohammad Bayattork, Phil Page, Fransiska M. Bossuyt, Michael L. Boninger, for the SwiSCI study group, F. Holzgreve, C. Maurer-Grubinger, D. Ohlendorf, Maxime Billot, Julien Duclay, Alain Martin, Anthony Howard, Joanne L. Powell, Simon P. Frostick, Spinal Cord After a preloading period of 1s, maximum isokinetic concentric contractions of all muscle groups were completed at 30, 60 and 120s1 over the entire tested ranges of motion (70 to 35 for the flexion-extension and 15 to 60 for the abductionadduction). Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like SHOULDER - Flexion (Agonist), SHOULDER - Flexion (Antagonist), SHOULDER - Extension (Agonist) and more. Flexion of the shoulder: Synergist Muscle. Gray's Anatomy (41tst ed.). > Maintain a 5-point contact position in which the following body parts remain in contact with the bench or floor: (1) back of head, (2) shoulder blades/upper thoracic region, (3) gluteals, (4) left foot, and (5) right foot. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Deltoid (posterior) Flexion of the shoulder: Synergist Muscle. lisa pera wikipedia. Is the singer Avant and R Kelly brothers? Kennedy JC, Alexander, I.J., & Hayes, K.C. Both the superior and anterior translation of the humeral head during movements are the leading biomechanical causes for impingement syndrome.[14]. The sticking point is not the same location for everyone yet researchers have concluded it usually takes place about 0.2 seconds after the initial upward movement, and lasts about 0.9 seconds (Van den Tilaar & Ettema, 2013). However, it is important to note, this position limits the amount of load a person can lift. Keep the volume relatively low to avoid overtraining and unnecessary muscle soreness. Ann Readapt Med Phys 2005; 48: 8092. Angle subgroup torque ratio analysis leads to a better estimation of the balance or imbalance between the agonist and antagonist muscle groups over a functional or selected range of motion than does traditional peak torque ratio analysis. Mechanotendinous receptors (muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs), capsuloligamentous receptors (ruffini and pacinian corpuscles) as well as cutaneous receptors (meissner, merkel and free nerve endings) are responsible for our sense of touch, vibration, proprioceptive positioning, as well as provide the feedback regarding muscle length, tension, orientation, further to the speed and strength of the contractions of the muscle fibers. (2013). Jobe C. Evaluation of impingement syndromes in the overhead throwing athlete. Describe the "sticking point" and why it occurs. Key Term shoulder flexion agonist and antagonist; Endorsed By; Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Scapular retraction during the bench press is important to maximize safety and performance. Here the capsule arches over the supraglenoid tubercle and its long head of biceps brachii muscleattachment, thus making these intra-articular structures. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 13.0, Chicago IL, USA). According to the angular velocities, mean peak torque ratios ranged from 1.07 to 1.10 and from 0.87 to 0.96 for F/E and Ab/Ad, respectively. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Get Top Tips Tuesday and The Latest Physiopedia updates, The content on or accessible through Physiopedia is for informational purposes only. The main lateral rotators are the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles, with help from the posterior fibers of the deltoid muscle. By harnessing the stretch reflex, individuals will be able to maximize muscle recruitment during the concentric phase of the lift and subsequently the ability to lift heavier loads. It does not discuss the bench press as it relates to performance such as competing in powerlifting. Between the superior and middle glenohumeral ligaments, via which the subscapular. Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: a preliminary report. Sylvia Earle, former director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, has said, "People who want to make a difference can choose not to eat fish that are more important swimming alive in the ocean than swimming in lemon slices and butter. When performing a bench press with a retracted scapula, some argue the pectoralis muscles enter the stretch reflex position sooner during the eccentric phase. (a) Shoulder flexion and extension mean torque (Nm) over the entire tested range (angle in degrees) at the three tested velocities (30, 60 and 120s1). Reading time: 15 minutes. (2014). Mayer F, Axmann D, Horstmann T, Martini F, Fritz J, Dickhuth HH . Google Scholar. Rotator cuff tendinosis in an animal model: Role of extrinsic and overuse factors. The association of scapular kinematics and glenohumeral joint pathologies. The transverse humeral ligament extends horizontally between the tubercles of the humerus. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15 (Suppl 1): S19S25. Determination of dynamic muscle strength in man with acceleration controlled isokinetic movements. PMC Blood supply of the subacromial bursa and rotator cuff tendons on the bursal side. If you want to avoid elbow pain while benching, follow the link. Subjective assessment and objective clinical examination (passive and active movements, resisted static movements, clinical diagnostic tests and palpation) confirmed that none of the participants had previously experienced or experienced at the time of testing any sign or symptom of musculoskeletal impairment affecting the trunk or upper extremities, or suffered from any other condition that might alter their U/E strength-generating capability. It becomes stretched, and least supported, when the arm is abducted. Overall, similar torque curves were found across the three angular velocities for shoulder flexionextension and abductionadduction. The first is the rotator interval, an area of unreinforced capsule that exists between the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendons. In individuals with paraplegia, this precise estimation of torque ratios may lead to the development of specific shoulder strengthening programs to prevent muscle imbalance and its consequences. > Aim to perform the exercise through a full range of motion unless mobility/flexibility deficits restrict motion or pain/pinching sensations are felt in the shoulder region. Edouard P, Gasq, D., Calmels, P., Ducrot, S., Degache, F. Shoulder sensorimotor control assessment by force platform: feasibility and reliability. Revue critique de l'valuation isocintique de l'paule. (Figure 2). These tendons form a continuous covering called the rotator capsule. Epub 2022 Jan 5. New paradigms in rotator cuff retraining. The movement of the scapula along the thoracic cage also directly influences the biomechanics of the shoulder complex as a whole, and can moreover predispose the development of impingement syndrome. Strength imbalances, including shoulder horizontal adduction:abduction and knee flexion:extension, and a shortened pectoralis minor may evolve as training adaptations among powerlifters, whereas thoracic kyphosis, pelvic tilt, and lumbar lordosis remain unchanged. medial two third give attachment to pectoralis major muscle. Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? The bench press is one of the most popular exercises in the fitness and sports community and is often used as a measuring stick for evaluating upper body strength (Robbins 2012; Bianco, Paoli & Palma 2014). For the U/Es, this method has been proposed, to better evaluate the relationship between shoulder rotators.16, 17, 18 Ng et al.19 and more recently Yildiz et al.18 used this eccentricconcentric approach to report torque ratios over an angular section (terminal range) where the antagonist muscles played a decelerator role (eccentric contractions). A clinical perspective. All participants were at least 2-year post-SCI, right-hand dominant, independently propel their manual wheelchair during a minimum of 60min per day, independently transfer to and from their wheelchair around 19 times daily and reported an activity tolerance of at least 60min when frequent rest periods are offered. The sticking point occurs shortly after the initiation of the concentric phase of the lift, typically when the bar is 3-16 cm from the chest (Van den Tilaar & Ettema, 2013). J Spinal Cord Med 2005; 28: 2632. The larger muscles such as the trapezius, the levator scapula, the pectorali, the deltoids, the serratus anterior, the latissimus dorsi, the rhomboids, the teres major, the biceps, the coracobrachialis, and triceps muscles are responsible for various synergistic activities during shoulder movements. Plachel F, Akgn D, Imiolczyk JP, Minkus M, Moroder P. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. Noffal GJ . Glenohumeral Flexion Agonists - Anterior Deltoid - Upper Pectoralis Major. (1998) Upper extremity weight-training modifications for the injured athlete. The angle subgroup torque ratios analysis showed that the agonistantagonist torque ratios were not constant and were significantly different according to the tested 15 angular subgroups. Gravel D, Richards CL, Filion M . Reviewer: A detailed assessment of agonistantagonist muscle balance, especially around the shoulder joints, is of key relevance among individuals with SCI given the fact that the level of lesion and the functional status of the U/Es may change muscle strength. Dehail, P., Gagnon, D., Noreau, L. et al. Paine RM, & Voight, M.L. The scapulohumeral and thoracohumeral muscles are responsible for producing movement at the glenohumeral joint. This method of estimating muscle ratios (eccentric antagonist/concentric agonist) could be applied to evaluating angle subgroup torque ratios, which we proposed in our study, once biomechanical studies have confirmed the type of contraction required during specific tasks. This may take the form of performing stretching techniques for the pectorals, deltoids, and latissimus dorsi and strengthening techniques for the rotator cuff and scapulae retractors (rhomboids, mid/lower trapezius). Disclaimer. Flexion of the shoulder: Synergist Muscle, Flexion of the shoulder: Antagonist Muscle, Cell division, cell diversity and cellular or, L14- Physical Methods of Food Preservation, Extension of the Shoulder: Synergist & Antago, ABduction of the shoulder: Synergist & Antago, Flexion of the Elbow: Synergist & Antagonist, Synergists & Antagonists: Shoulder and Arm, Rotation of the Vertebral Column: Synergist &, Extension of the Vertebral Column: Synergist, Flexion of the Vertebral Column: Synergist &, ADDuction of the Thumb: Synergist & Antagonis, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, David Shier, Jackie Butler, John Hole, Ricki Lewis. All rights reserved. > Inhale during the lowering (eccentric) phase of the exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 11(2), 82-87.Duffey, M. (2008). Our Team Codine P, Bernard PL, Pocholle M, Herisson C . Range of Motion Adaptations in Powerlifters. Ng GY, Lam PC . In the absence of interaction (joint position X angular velocity), main effects were analyzed to determine the influence of the joint position or angular velocity. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? An isokinetic dynamometric assessment was completed using a Biodex system to quantify maximum voluntary concentric strength of the right shoulder flexors, extensors, abductors and adductors. Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (6th ed.). It consists of Scapula: retraction & depression, Shoulder: flexion . What is the labour of cable stayed bridges? The additional accessory movements of spin, roll and slide (glide) are also available within the glenohumeral joint. Scoville CR, Arciero RA, Taylor DC, Stoneman PD . In addition, it may improve the specificity and precision of a resistance strength training protocol intended for these patients. Ludewig PM, & Braman, J.P. When weakness or neuromuscular dysfunction of the scapular musculature is present, normal scapular arthrokinematics become altered,[20] and ultimately predisposes an individual to an injury of the GH joint. It also increases the risk for dizziness and loss of balance. shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist. Why or why not? List and identify some agonist, antagonist muscle groups. [16][19][20], The stability of the ST joint relies on the coordinated activity of the 18 muscles that directly attach to the scapula. External rotation of the humerus moves the greater tubercle out from under the acromial arch, allowing uninhibited arm abduction to occur. Effects of Different Volume-Equated Resistance Training Loading Strategies on Muscular Adaptations in Well-Trained Men. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. Both bands stabilize the humeral head when the arm is abducted above 90. Voight ML, & Thomson, B.C. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. To visualize the stretch reflex, imagine stretching a rubber band and then immediately letting go. For each movement, the 15 angle subgroup in which the highest torque value was measured was named the reference angle subgroup. A similar finding was also found when tested at 120s1 between the reference angle subgroup and the last subgroup only. Extending only at its medial margin, where the fibers protrude by around 1 cm. shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist; advantages and disadvantages of apec in png shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist. Basic biomechanics (7th ed.). There is ample evidence describing its use for improving upper body muscular endurance, strength, hypertrophy (muscle size) and power (Buitrago et al., 2013; Ogasawara et al., 2012; Schoenfeld et al., 2014). The role of the scapula. The Influence of Grip Width and Forearm Pronation/Supination on Upper-Body Myoelectric Activity During the Flat Bench Press. (d) Ice formed by heavy water sinks in normal water. Contraction of the deltoid muscle applies a strong superior translation force to the humerus, this is countered by the action of the rotator cuff muscles, preventing superior humeral dislocation. Several ligaments limit the movement of the GH joint and resist humeral dislocation. Together these three are known as the climbing muscles, as they are powerful adductors, alternatively they can lift the trunk up towards a fixed arm. How long will my leg hurt after vein ablation? In fact, this approach provides an opportunity to precisely identify angular sections presenting an imbalance between agonist and antagonist muscle groups. Assessment of agonistantagonist shoulder torque ratios in individuals with paraplegia: a new interpretative approach. The surface of the humeral head is three to four times larger than the surface of glenoid fossa, meaning that only a third of the humeral head is ever in contact with the fossa and labrum. This is the strongest of the three GH ligaments, being thicker and longer than the other two. 2018 Nov;32(11):3020-3028. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002824. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(4), 1091-1100. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318260ec77Clemons, J., & Aaron, C. (1997). The glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the spherical head of the humerus and the concave glenoid fossa of the scapula. [11] The supraspinatus muscle initiates the abduction movement of the arm by pulling the humeral head medially towards the glenoid cavity thereby creating a fulcrum for movement. Some researchers found the reason for the sticking point may be a loss of elastic energy from the stretch reflex discussed previously (Elliot, Wilson & Kerr, 1989). Start with a standard grip of the bar approximately shoulder-width and the upper arms abducted about 45, and avoid an excessively wide or narrow grip. Wheelchair user's shoulder? If you believe that this Physiopedia article is the primary source for the information you are refering to, you can use the button below to access a related citation statement. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The concavity of the fossa is less acute than the convexity of the humeral head, meaning that the articular surfaces are not fully congruent. Preserve the natural curvature of the lumbar spine (low-back) throughout the entire lift. Broken arrow indicates the angle value where abduction and adduction torques are equal. The intercorrelation between the reference angle subgroup's mean torque values and the other angle subgroup's mean torque values are presented in Table 3 and 4. Read more. Agonist muscles are the muscles that . Essentially the Antagonist muscle is the opposing muscle to the Agonist. The GH joint is of particular interest when understanding the mechanism of shoulder injuries because it is osteologically predisposed to instability.[1][2]. Glenohumeral joint (Articulatio glenohumeralis) -Yousun Koh. Joint torques in each direction were measured between 70 shoulder flexion and 35 shoulder extension. [4][6][7], For more detailed anatomy visit Shoulder Anatomy, The natural arthrokinematics of the GH joint of the shoulder complex during an open-chain movement supports various directional glides of the humeral head within the glenoid fossa. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. The function of this entire muscular apparatus is to produce movement at the shoulder joint while keeping the head of humerus stableand centralized within the glenoid cavity. It extends to the lesser tubercle of humerus. The prime abductors of the arm are the supraspinatus and deltoid muscles. Neer CS. Indeed, it shows the modifications of the agonist and antagonist strength values according to the lengthtension relationship. Orthopedic physical assessment (6th ed.). Antagonists for wrist extension are the wrist extensors -. Learning how to retract the scapulae, contract the abdominals, proper breathing, and controlling the path of the bar is a lot to learn in the initial stages. The subscapular bursa sits between the capsule and the subscapularis tendon, while the coracobrachial bursa is located between the subscapularis and coracobrachialis muscles. Register now Pectoralis Major (upper fibers) Flexion of the shoulder: Antagonist Muscle. This shoulder function comes at the cost of stability however, as the bony surfaces offer little support. The barbell bench press is a compound, multi-joint exercise designed to target many muscles of the upper body (Figure 1). Site Management shoulder horizontal flexion agonist and antagonist A study of antagonist/agonist isokinetic work ratios of shoulder rotators in men who play badminton. All participants were positioned on the chair of the Biodex system at 90 knee flexion and 70 hip flexion since the backrest was reclined by 20. Explain the differences between migration and preening. For all movements tested, maximum isokinetic concentric contractions were completed at 30, 60 and 120s1. The bench press is a popular exercise and there is ample evidence describing its use for improving upper body muscular endurance, strength, muscle size, and power.This article discusses the traditional barbell bench press from a fitness perspective. Pathokinesiology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada. Hes was an adjunct faculty member for California University Pennsylvania (2010-2018) teaching graduate-level courses in Corrective Exercise, Performance Enhancement, and Health and Fitness and currently serves as a Content and Production Manager for NASM. Ludewig PM, & Reynolds, J.F. Sagittal- shoulder flexion/extension, flexion/extension (elbow), . Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). This means that the strength ratio will also be affected. shoulder flexorextensor and abductoradductor torque ratios at the three angular velocities calculated every 15 over the entire tested range (angle subgroups) are shown in Figures 2a and b. The role of proprioception in the management and rehabilitation of athletic injuries. The joint capsule is supplied from several sources; Blood supply to the shoulder joint comes from the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral, circumflex scapular and suprascapular arteries. The mean peak torque ratio for each angular velocity is also illustrated for comparison purposes in these same figures. Every muscle can be an Agonist, and every muscle has an antagonist paired muscle. Grasp the bar with the wrists positioned directly under the bar. Triceps Brachii (long head) Normal values of isokinetic maximum strength, the strength/velocity curve, and the angle at peak torque of all degrees of freedom in the shoulder. Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD Voisin P, Weissland T, Maillet M, Schumacker P, Delahaye H, Vanvelcenaher J . Retrieved September 18, 2015, from https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/paper/8894/4230.Elliott, B., Wilson, G., & Kerr, G. (1989). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Bushnell BD, Creighton, R.A., & Herring, M.M. The GH joint is comprised of a ball and socket synovial joint, where the head of the humerus (convex surface) articulates with the glenoid fossa (concave surface) of the scapula. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. [30], Further to the intricate network of passive ligatures that conjoin adjacent bones, the importance of the surrounding musculature cannot be overstated. Tools. To obtain Retract your shoulder blades (scapulae), bringing them closer together. : How Orthorexia Changes Our View of Food and Fuel in Fitness, Calf Workouts: How to Grow the Often-Stubborn Muscle Group, Body Types: Mesomorph, Ectomorphs, & Endomorphs Explained. It is important to note, beginners do not need to perform an abundant amount of sets or repetitions. The glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint is a synovial joint that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton. Yildiz Y, Aydin T, Sekir U, Kiralp MZ, Hazneci B, Kalyon TA . In particular, accessory adductor muscles serve to counter the strong internalrotation produced by pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. The shoulder joint is encircled by a loose fibrous capsule. . [6][7] The space itself includes a bursa that provides lubrication for the rotator cuff (RC) tendons, the insertion for the long head of the biceps tendon, and the rotator cuff (RC) tendons themselves. Nerve supply of the human knee and its functional importance. A significant modification of the F/E (F=66.3; P<0.001) and Ab/Ad (F=100.6; P<0.001) torque ratios was observed according to the 15 angle subgroup evaluated.