Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. His overthrow of the Spanish monarchy in Spain led to the Spanish-controlled colonies being ruled by . The Peninsulares were the most important people in society, holding the highest positions in both the colonial governments and the . Final destruction of loyalist resistance in the highlands required the entrance of northern armies. Resentment at being excluded from the highest rungs of government was a key cause of Creole resentment, and some began to call for independence. One short term outcome occurred when the church land was sold and then afterwards, the Pope had to fight for his religious views and places back. In particular, Haiti provided a place of refuge for Simn Bolvar in 1815. It also prompted the declaration of the Republic of Colombia (commonly referred to today as Gran Colombia) as a union of the modern-day countries of Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela. Revolutionary leaders established new countries that only sometimes lived up to promises of democratic rule. Expert Answers. The Latin American revolutions took place in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Sign in Register. The Spanish political tradition centred on the figure of the monarch, yet, with Charles and Ferdinand removed from the scene, the hub of all political authority was missing. After the expulsion of Napoleon, the Spanish attempted to regain but failed to regain control in the colonies. San Martn came to Argentina in 1812 and joined the independence forces. Spain discriminated against the Creoles, appointing mostly new Spanish immigrants to important positions in the colonial administration. As an ally of Napoleon's First French Empire, Spain willingly joined with Napoleonic France and began fighting the British. After difficult conquests of their home regions, the two movements spread the cause of independence through other territories, finally meeting on the central Pacific coast. Although the apologetic views on Spanish repression and his hypercritical opinions on the rebels (he compares Tupac Katari to Idi Amin) are troubling, the book mines official Spanish correspondence like no other. Shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, Napoleon had them both imprisoned. Colony vs. Country. The British take Charleston, S.C., capture a large patriot army, and deal the rebels one of their worst defeats of the war. Buenos Aires then declared full independence in 1816, creating the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which included most of modern-day Argentina and Uruguay. Resentment at French rule prompted many Spanish colonies to declare autonomous juntas, or councils, that ruled in the name of Fernando. However, in this summary of the Latin American Revolutions, we are going to look at the broad causes they held in common. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion raged across the Andes from 1780 to 1783. Paraguay resisted Buenos Aires military and set out on a path of relative isolation from the outside world. It also stresses the latter period of the rebellion, 1781 to 1783, after the martyrdom of Tupac Amaru and the uprisings repercussions. The term Latin America is used to describe the areas of the Americas where languages that developed from Latin are spoken, namely Spanish, Portuguese, and French. Edited by Sara Castro-Klaren, 213227. Other . There are two main Latin American revolution causes: the impact of the French Revolution and resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. This caused resentment within the privileged classes. Imperial prohibitions proved unable to stop the flow of potentially subversive English, French, and North American works into the colonies of Latin America. European countries lost valuable lands. By 1810, Spanish America could look to other nations to see revolutions and their results. However, Fernando was forced to implement liberal reforms, including a constitutional monarchy in Spain in 1820. While the French Revolution happened from 1789 to 1799; about 10 years or so. In 1822, he declared himself emperor of an independent Empire of Brazil and led forces that fought the Portuguese military for full independence. The Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges, The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and. The best synthesis of the Katarista uprisings in Charcas (what became Bolivia) and the Tupac Amaru rebellion. Well educated and bilingual (Spanish and Quechua), he claimed lineage from the Incas, thus the Tupac Amaru (e.g., Tupa or Tpac, Amaro) name. Although Fisher did not have access to the document collections and analyses published after her study, the analysis is solid and the narrative engaging. Smart reflections and valuable bibliography on Tupac Amaru and its place in Perus cultural history. United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which included most of modern-day Argentina and Uruguay. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. The impact of the French Revolution on the Latin American Revolutions' causes is hard to understate. Two things that happened as a result of the Latin American revolutions include the second and third options.. What happened as a result of the Latin American revolutions? The revolution began with a failed assault on Cuban military . Definition and Historical Perspective, The 10 Most Important Events in the History of Latin America, What Is Latin America? In a daring move, Bolvar marched his army across the flooded llanos, the plains of southern Venezuela and Colombia during the rainy season, then climbed into the Andes to surprise the Spanish forces at the Battle of Boyac close to Bogot in August 1919. Fig 7 - Painting depicting the Battle of Boyac. So too had the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the French colony of Haiti. By 1825, it was all gone, except for a handful of islands in the Caribbeanbroken into several independent states. American Revolution contains articles, sources and perspectives on events in America between 1763 and 1789. The indigenous world and the word Indian, Conquest society in the central mainland areas, Institutional, legal, and intellectual developments, Spanish America in the age of the Bourbons, The north and the culmination of independence, Political models and the search for authority, Political and economic transitions, 185070, The United States and Latin America in the Cold War era, Latin America at the end of the 20th century. Consequently, the forces under San Martn managed only a shaky hold on Lima and the coast. By siding with France, Spain pitted itself against England, the dominant sea power of the period, which used its naval forces to reduce and eventually cut communications between Spain and the Americas. Two other European developments further dashed the hopes of Creoles, pushing them more decisively toward independence. After the defeat of royalist forces, the area commonly referred to at the time as Upper Peru opted to become the independent state of Bolivia, named in honor of Bolvar. He and Micaela sought a multiethnic and multiclass alliance, recruiting not only Indians but also mestizos, blacks, Creoles, and good Spaniards. Not only did it provide a massive distraction and tie up Spanish troops and ships, it pushed many undecided Creoles over the edge in favor of independence. In the Spanish colonies, the society was made up of distinctive social classes. In most cases, Latin American Revolutions were led by Creoles. Chile declared itself an independent republic in February 1818. Minster, Christopher. He crossed the Andes into Chile, defeating most royalist resistance there by mid-1818. When Great Britain attacked Buenos Aires in 18061807, Spain could not defend the city and a local militia had to suffice. In 1807, Napoleon invaded Portugal forcing King Dom Joo VI to flee to Brazil with the royal family. Brazil is the only country in the Americas to have a long-standing monarch. Two of the main revolutions were the French Revolution and the Latin American Revolution. By the late eighteenth century, the Spanish colonies had a thriving class of Creoles (Criollo in Spanish), wealthy men and women of European ancestry born in the New World. His wife, Micaela Bastidas, was an important commander in the uprising, overseeing the rebel base in Pampamarca and logistics. However, the effects of the Revolutionary War go far beyond simply removing British control of the Thirteen Colonies: the War and related documents and decisions would have worldwide impacts. Leaders in Latin America tended to shy away from the more socially radical European doctrines. In conclusion, the Latin American Revolutions achieved independence but left complicated legacies and created dynamics that still influence events in the region today. https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120 (accessed March 5, 2023). The French Revolution took place within France itself, an action that directly threatened the French monarchy. He claimed to be fighting in the name of the King of Spain. After three months of intense fighting, they captured Tupac Amaru, Micaela Bastidas, and much of their inner circle in April 1781, executing them in a gruesome public ritual in Cuzcos central plaza on 17 May. The colony known as Rio de Plata was composed of the modern-day countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, followed a similar pattern to New Granada. San Martn now turned his attention to Peru. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion: Anticolonialism and Protonationalism in Late Colonial Peru. In A Companion to Latin American Literature and Culture. Insurgency continued in southern Mexico, but stalemate set in, with insurgents controlling rural areas and carrying out guerrilla warfare and royalist forces controlling most of the major cities. Outcomes of the Revolution, both long-term and short-term. Serulnikov, Sergio. In 1806 a British expeditionary force captured Buenos Aires. Bolvar played a minor role in the first declaration of independent government in Caracas in 1811. - now that trade was not restricted to the mother country, the US and Great Britain became two new countries major trading partners, - Latin America mainly exported cash crops, - inbounds blue Latin American countries took out large loans. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. The viceroy of Peru managed to keep control over Chile, Peru, and Bolivia for the moment, although it faced resistance from local rebellions and expeditions from Buenos Aires. Have all your study materials in one place. It was also the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, only doing so in 1888. He later allied with French forces and achieved virtual autonomy for Haiti by 1801. By that time, Spain was between a rock and a hard place: The creoles clamored for positions of influence in the colonial bureaucracy and for freer trade. They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecaudor, and Panama. To further muddle things up, Spanish law allowed wealthy people of mixed heritage to "buy" whiteness and thus rise in a society that did not want to see their status change. What two island colonies did not get independence around the same time as the rest of Spanish America? The United States intervened in the war after the destruction of the USS Maine battleship in Havana Harbor by what, at the time, was believed to be a Spanish mine. Check Writing Quality. Below them were the Creoles, or criollos in Spanish. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. In Brazil, independence was led by elites similar to what occurred in the Spanish colonies, but in Haiti, it was led by slaves, who successfully established the first republic led by people of African descent. Starting around 1810, the Spanish colonies on the mainland began moving towards independence. Tupac Amaru became a hero in Peru. The short-term effects of the American Revolution included a recession in the former colonies and a number of international revolutions. A digital collection of Latin American travel accounts written in the 16th-19th centuries. Despite its Victorian worldview, this is a splendid read. . Legal History of the State and Church in 18th Century New Mestizaje and the Legacy of Jos Mara Arguedas, Military Government in Latin America, 19591990, Military Institution in Colonial Latin America, The, Modern Decorative Arts and Design, 19002000, Natural Disasters in Early Modern Latin America. Q. Revolutions in Latin America were influenced by. The royalists received important reinforcements from Lima in early January. The answer is long and complicated, but here are some of the essential causes of the Latin American Revolution. Although shielding itself with a pretense of loyalty to Ferdinand, the junta produced by that session marked the end of Spanish rule in Buenos Aires and its hinterland. Many revolutions took years to accomplish. He focused on the years 1776, 1789, 1804. Flores Galindo, Alberto, ed. It also recognized the colonies' independence and drew lines between British Canada and American territory. Moreover, the influence of those ideologies was sharply restricted; with few exceptions only small circles of educated, urban elites had access to Enlightenment thought. La rebelin de Tupac Amaru y los orgenes de la emancipacin Americana. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. In Mexico City and Montevideo caretaker governments were the work of loyal peninsular Spaniards eager to head off Creole threats. While he was able to carve out a liberated zone in southern Venezuela, he repeatedly failed to capture the capital of Caracas. In all of these places, independence was achieved by 1826. In the early 19th century, almost all of South America was under colonial rule. Bolvar, upon achieving independence, distanced himself from Haiti, presenting his Gran Colombia as an Andean-Atlantic nation in hopes of achieving more support and recognition from Europe. Over the first few decades of the 19th century, nearly all of Latin America became independent. More troubling still were the bitter rivalries emerging between Buenos Aires and other provinces. In 1895, independence supporters launched another war for independence, one that had become particularly brutal by 1898. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. The struggles that produced independence in the south began even before Napoleons invasion of Portugal and Spain. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. Fig 3 - Painting by Francsico de Goya depicting the occupatoin of Spain by French armies. Elmore, Peter. Unlike his predecessors, however, he established a stable political system, in which the . Which of the countries below did Simn Bolvar help liberate (check all that apply)? Why did the Creoles lead the Latin American revolution? The outcomes were different . With these figures of legitimate authority in his power, the French ruler tried to shatter Spanish independence. Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru. The Charleston move is part of a broader British strategy to hang on to the southern colonies, at least, now that the war is stalemated in Pennsylvania and New York. Venezuelas Declaration of Independence in 1810, Chile's Independence Day: September 18, 1810, What Is Imperialism? Dom Pedro was the prince of Portugal and Brazil. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spains American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. The Haitian Revolution and the Origins of Modern Democracy was presented by Jeremy D. Popkin is the William T. Bryan Chair of History at the University of Kentucky. The effort only served to harden the position of Creole rebels. A History of Peru. The Revolutions: American And Haitian By Laurent Dubois, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.29.19 Word Count 1,428 Level 1040L. Centered in southern Peru, from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca, it also allied with the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru (Bolivia). In 1811, most of Venezuela and the city of Cartagena took the more radical step of declaring full independence and creating independent states. Those who resisted Napoleon in Spain begged the colonials for help but refused to promise to reduce trade restrictions if they won. After the Haitian Revolution, Cuba became the dominant sugar producing colony, and mass numbers of African slaves were brought to the island. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. A person's status in society could be determined by how many 64ths of Spanish heritage one had. Victory at Boyac effectively liberated most of Colombia. Examine the way Americans in the United States used the Latin American Revolutions to understand general principles of liberty, equality and democracy (viewed and fit into their narrative of democratic progress). Conflict between liberal and conservative political factions, as well as between those favoring strong central government and those favoring federalist systems with stronger provincial governments, were common throughout Latin America into the 20th century. This is an enormous area that encompasses most of Central and South America and parts of the Caribbean. A former royalist, Agustn Iturbide, changed sides and fought for independence to prevent liberal reforms coming from Spain. Mexico became a republic. While slavery was usually ended during or in the years that followed independence, racist class structures remained, with those of African and indigenous descent remaining largely disadvantaged even if they had gained technical legal equality. Joo was forced to return to Portugal and left his son Dom Pedro as the prince and ruler of Brazil. Revolutionaries became heroes in their countries. Moreover, the Cortes would not concede permanent free trade to the Americans and obstinately refused to grant any degree of meaningful autonomy to the overseas dominions. Which three statements correctly describe outcomes of the Latin American revolutions? Chicago: Charles H. Sergel, 1892. Iturbide captured Mexico City on September 27, 1821 and was made the emperor of Mexico. In response to the Boston Tea Party, the king imposed the "Intolerable Acts.". Markham, Clements. As British settlers began to colonize . Having benefited from colonial monopolies and fearful of the kind of social violence that the late 18th-century revolt had threatened, many Peruvian Creoles were not anxious to break with Spain. In the audiencia (court) of Caracas, for example, no native Venezuelans were appointed from 1786 to 1810. Detailed yet accessible narrative history of the uprising. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Introduction. The war also initiated a broader discussion of the morality of slavery. By the time Spain was beginning to stabilizeFerdinand reclaimed the throne in 1813colonies in Mexico, Argentina, and northern South America were in revolt. Learn more details about the Latin American Revolutions in this section. Chichester, UK: Blackwell, 2008. Even if Spain had agreed to these changes, they would have created a more powerful, wealthy colonial elite with experience in administering their home regionsa road that also would have led directly to independence. Jaishankar said that the Chair Summary outlined the concerns of the Global South and "it is just on two paragraphs that were not able to get everybody on the same page." Paragraphs three and four of the Outcome document were taken from the G20 Bali Leaders' Declaration and were agreed to by all member countries except Russia and China. After his execution, Dessalines led resistance to French rule and declared Haiti independent in 1804. Pamplona, Spain: Diputacin Foral de Navarra, Direccin de Turismo, Bibliotecas y Cultura Popular, 1971. Tensions between more liberal and more conservative political factions continued for much of the next century, culminating in the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Both Latin American revolutions and the American revolution were different in term of cause and the result it brought with it. Centered in southern Peru, from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca, it also allied with the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru (Bolivia). After the defeat of Cuban-style revolutionary movements throughout Latin America in the 1960s and the overthrow of Salvador . Death Year: 1830. Tired of the waffling of Charles IV and Spain's inconsistency as an ally, Napoleon invaded in 1808 and quickly conquered not only Spain but Portugal as well. It also provided important material aid and support to other Latin American revolutions. A narrative history that pays particular attention to the role of the church and Micaela Bastidas, Tupac Amarus wife, as well as violence. Death date . Lima, Peru: Retablo de Papel Ediciones, 1976. In May 1810 prominent Creoles in Buenos Aires, having vied with peninsulars for power in the intervening years, forced the last Spanish viceroy there to consent to a cabildo abierto, an extraordinary open meeting of the municipal council and local notables. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolution, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. A sophisticated and useful overview (translated from Spanish, Revolucin en los andes: La era de Tpac Amaru, 2012), with a foreword by Charles F. Walker. The vast Spanish New World Empire produced many goods, including coffee, cacao, textiles, wine, minerals, and more. Here is how the story went: Social Classes. Economies from Independence to Industrialization. After his father's return to Portugal, he was named regent in Brazil. The revolutions that took place in the United States, France, Haiti, and Latin America were all influenced by one another. the American and French Revolution. Meanwhile, fears that Cuba's large slave population would make it a second Haiti also influenced the lack of support for independence among criollo elites there. See a bit more about the effects of the Latin American Revolutions here. A majority of land was held by the Portuguese followed by the . This irritated the influential Creoles who correctly felt that they were being ignored. The Portuguese royal family had moved to Brazil when Portugal was invaded by Napoleon, and the colony was elevated to an equal status of Portugal. 1. not portugal. Unable to preserve any sort of monopoly on trade, the Spanish crown was forced to loosen the restrictions on its colonies commerce. It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political . The main Latin American Revolution effects were the establishment of independent nation states in most of Central and South America. User: What was the outcome of the Mexican revolution Weegy: It ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic, was the outcome of the Mexican revolution. Internal political divisions between liberal and conservative and centralist and federalists political factions. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. These more recent overviews build on the wave of studies and published primary sources that have appeared since the late 1960s. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Primary Accounts of the Rebellion and the Period, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Native Presence in Postconquest Central Peru. The new report by Informes de Expertos titled, ' Latin America Artificial Intelligence Market 2023-2028', gives an in-depth analysis of the key success factors and constraints in the market . Your current browser may not support copying via this button. LARRP is a consortium of research libraries that seeks to increase free and open access to information in support of learning and scholarship in Latin American Studies. The link was not copied. By the late 18th century, Spain was forced to loosen some trade restrictions, but the move was too little, too late, as those who produced these goods now demanded a fair price for them. 2. spain. In the 1970s the Spaniard Eulogio Zudaire published a well-documented study of Viceroy Juregui and the rebellion: although the study was much more critical of the rebels and more supportive of the Spanish than other scholarship, it also contains great archival leads. Uruguay, an area of dispute between Brazil and the United Provinces became an independent state in 1828. Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui was a kuraka or ethnic . In the Spanish colonies, which constituted the vast majority of Latin America, there was a rigid class hierarchy. Fig 6 - Painting depicting a battle of the Haitian Revolution. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. Spain granted neither, which caused great resentment and helped lead to independence. But just who were the Creoles? Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Although all this is true the outcomes were different because the American Revolution was mainly focused on gaining independence while the French revolutions The common people of France wanted to get rid of the French monarchy, the lower classes wanted to enforce equality rather than having the nobles and .